The onset www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2606368.html of this decline preceded the widespread use of screening for colorectal cancer. Other mechanisms besides screening may have contributed

to this observed decline.”
“In the present study plant tissue culture technique was used to create the genetic variability in three sugarcane clones NIA98, BL4 and AEC82-1026. Callus induced in these clones in media containing MS + 2, 4 D (2 mg lit(-1)) and Dicamba (1 mg lit(-1)). The embryogenic calli then regenerated in media containing MS basal media + Kinetin (2 mg lit(-1)) + IBA (2 mg lit(-1)) + IAA (2 mg lit(-1)). After shooting and rooting, plants were exposed to green house and acclimatization of the somaclones in the field condition. RAPD markers were used to evaluate the genetic variation at DNA level between parents and somaclones of NIA98, BL4 and AEC82-1026 developed through callus culture. Fourteen RAPD primer chosen randomly were used to amplify DNA from plant material to assess the genetic variation Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor between parents and regenerated somaclones. The highest similarity was obtained between BL4 parent and BL4 somaclone (96%). While minimum similarity found between NIA-98 parent and

AEC82-1026 somaclone (69%). In this study, we used RAPD to investigate the somaclonal variation in sugarcane clones derived from callus cultures.”
“Sialyltransferases are a family of enzymes catalyzing the transfer of sialic acid residues to terminal non-reducing positions of oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Although expression of sialic acid is well documented in animals of the deuterostomian lineage, sialyltransferases have been

predominantly described for relatively recent vertebrate lineages such as birds and mammals. This study outlines the characterization of the only sialyltransferase gene found in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, the first such report of a non-vertebrate deuterostomian sialyltransferase, which has been discussed as a possible orthologue of the common ancestor of galactose alpha 2,3-sialyltransferases. We also report for the first time the characterization of a ST3Gal II Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor gene from the bony fish Takifugu rubripes. We demonstrate that both genes encode functional alpha 2,3-sialyltransferases that are structurally and functionally related to the ST3Gal family of mammalian sialyltransferases. However, characterization of the recombinant, purified forms of both enzymes reveal novel acceptor substrate specificities, with sialylation of the disaccharide Gal beta 1-3GalNAc and asialofetuin, but not GM1 or GD1b observed. This is in contrast to the mammalian ST3Gal II that predominantly sialylates gangliosides. Taken together the ceramide binding/recognition site previously proposed for the mouse ST3Gal II might represent a unique feature of mammalian ST3Gal II that is missing in the evolutionary more distant fish and tunicate species reported here.

The functional effects of RAMP on cell kinetics were measured by cell viability assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Cell lines stably expressing RAMP were established to investigate the oncogenic effects of RAMP in vitro.\n\nRESULTS: Ramp was

readily expressed in all seven gastric cancer cell lines and was significantly increased in human gastric cancer tissues when compared with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P < 0.001). In keeping with this, expression of RAMP protein was higher in gastric cancer tissues compared with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues, whereas moderate protein expression were noted in intestinal metaplasia. Knockdown of SC75741 mw RAMP in gastric cancer cells significantly reduced cell proliferation (P < 0.01) and soft agar colony formation (P < 0.001), but induced apoptosis and G(2)/M arrest. In additional, knockdown RAMP induced cell apoptosis is dependent on functional accumulation of p53 and p21 and induction of cleaved caspases-9, caspases-3 and PARP. Strikingly, overexpression of RAMP promoted anchorage-independent cell growth in soft agar.\n\nCONCLUSION: Our

findings demonstrate that RAMP plays an oncogenic role in gastric carcinogenesis. Inhibition of RAMP may be a promising approach for gastric cancer therapy. British Journal of Cancer (2009) 101, 691-698. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605202 www.bjcancer.com (C) 2009 Cancer Research UK”
“Betamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-16 beta-methylprednisolone) is one of the members of the corticosteriod family this website of active pharmaceutical

ingredient (API), which is widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent and also as a starting material to manufacture various esters of betamethasone. A stability-indicating reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated which can separate and accurately quantitate low levels of 26 betamethasone related compounds. The stability-indicating capability of the method was demonstrated through adequate separation of all potential betamethasone related compounds from betamethasone and Ricolinostat ic50 also from each other that are present in aged and stress degraded betamethasone stability samples. Chromatographic separation of betamethasone and its related compounds was achieved by using a gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min on a ACE 3 C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 mu m particle size, 100 angstrom pore size) at 40 degrees C. Mobile phase A of the gradient was 0.1% methanesulfonic acid in aqueous solution and mobile phase B was a mixture of tert-butanol and 1,4-dioxane (7:93, v/v). UV detection at 254 nm was employed to monitor the analytes. For betamethasone 21-aldehyde, the QL and DL were 0.02% and 0.01% respectively. For betamethasone and the rest of the betamethasone related compounds, the QL and DL were 0.05% and 0.02%. The precision of betamethasone assay is 0.6% and the accuracy of betamethasone assay ranged from 98.1% to 99.9%.

A bacterial consortium with PGP properties and very high multiresistance to heavy metals, composed by Aeromonas aquariorum SDT13, Pseudomonas composti SDT3, and

Bacillus sp. SDT14, was selected for further experiments. This consortium was able to two-fold increase seed germination and to protect seeds against fungal contamination, suggesting that it could facilitate the establishment of the plant in polluted estuaries.”
“We report on inhibition of alpha-amylase activity by cellulose based on in vitro experiments. The presence of cellulose in the hydrolysing medium reduced the initial velocity of starch hydrolysis in a concentration dependent manner. alpha-Amylase adsorption to cellulose was reversible, attaining equilibrium within 30 min of incubation, and showed a higher affinity at 37 degrees C compared

to 20 and 0 degrees C. The 10058-F4 chemical structure adsorption was almost unchanged in the presence of maltose (2.5-20 mM) but was hindered in the presence of excess protein, suggesting non-specific adsorption of alpha-amylase to cellulose. Kinetic analyses of alpha-amylase hydrolysis of maize starch in the presence of cellulose showed that the inhibition is of a mixed type. The dissociation constant (K-ic) of the El complex was found to be ca. 3 mg/mL. The observed inhibition of alpha-amylase activity suggests that cellulose in the diet can potentially attenuate starch hydrolysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE. To assess the effects of MRT67307 research buy intravitreal bevacizumab injections in the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with pattern dystrophy (PD) of the retinal pigment epithelium.\n\nMETHODS. The study was a prospective, selleckchem nonrandomized, openlabel, interventional clinical trial in which 12 patients were prospectively enrolled. Patients with a diagnosis of PD complicated by subfoveal CNV were considered for the study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including ETDRS visual acuity measurement, electroretinogram,

electrooculogram, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. The treatment protocol began with a loading dose of three consecutive injections at 1-month intervals, followed by injections administered as needed, according to OCT parameters and angiographic features observed during a 24-month follow-up period. The number of eyes with a visual acuity loss of fewer than 15 letters (< 3 ETDRS lines), compared with baseline measures, was recorded at the 6-, 12-, and 24-month examinations.\n\nRESULTS. Twelve patients completed the planned visits and were included in the study. A visual acuity loss of fewer than 15 letters was not registered in any case at the 6- and 12-month examinations and was found in only one (8%) patient at the 24-month examination.

“
“Currently available information on drug lithiasis BEZ235 mw usually describes the calculi based on the prescriptions given to the patient, but without a physicochemical characterization of the calculi themselves. We here have applied different, complementary, physicochemical techniques for a complete characterization of an unusual urolithiasis calculus. The calculus was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy,

mass spectrometry, H-1-NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The precise nature of the calculus was identified, being formed by N4-acetylsulfadiazine, so being related to the drugs prescribed to the patient. Analytical techniques widely used in laboratories of Materials Chemistry have proven to be useful tools for characterizing the chemical nature of unusual urolithiasis.”
“A major clinical feature of patients with thalassemia is growth retardation due to anemia, therefore, the hematological parameters, weanling weight and post-weanling weight of pups obtained VX-809 purchase from vitrified-warmed embryo transfers were studied for the first time in this report. Two-cell

embryos of four transgenic (TG) thalassemic mouse lines (BKO, 654, E2, and E4) were produced by breeding four lines of TG thalassemic males to wild-type (WT) females (C57BL/6J) and were cryopreserved by vitrification in straws using 35% ethylene glycol. After transfer of vitrified-warmed embryos, hematological parameters, spleen index, weanling and post-weanling weight were determined in TG

and WT viable pups. In the BKO and 654 mice significantly abnormal hematological parameters and spleen index www.selleckchem.com/products/ro-3306.html were observed compared to WT, E2 and E4 mice. The weanling and post-weanling weights of BKO and 654 pups were significantly less than that of the age-matched WT pups. However, no significant differences in weanling and post-weanling weight were found between WT and E2-TG or E4-TG pups. In conclusion, the four transgenic mice lines produced from cryopreserved embryo transfer retain the phenotype of the natural breeding mice indicating that these banked embryos are appropriate for thalassemia model productions.”
“Faucitano, L., Torrey, S., Matte, J. J., del Castillo, J. R. E. and Bergeron, R. 2012. Effects of water supplementation with tryptophan and vitamin B-6 or feeding hydrogenated fat on reducing hunger-induced drinking pre-slaughter in pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 319-326. A current food safety challenge at pig slaughter plants comes with the presence of stomachs filled with liquid induced by hunger-related drinking in lairage.

The smallest difference eliciting a MMN located the discrimination threshold between 16% and 33% of the standard, without attentional confound. Being observed in several species, MMN can be used to decipher both the phylogenetic and ontogenetic

evolution of time discrimination, without attentional confound.”
“Objective: To determine whether a low-GCT result is predictive of low birthweight and to identify the lower GCT threshold for prediction of fetal growth GSK126 Epigenetics inhibitor restriction.\n\nMethods: A retrospective cohort study of 12 899 women who underwent a GCT (24-28 weeks). Women with a low-GCT result (<10th percentile (70 mg/dL) were compared to women with normal-GCT result (70-140 mg/dL). ROC analysis was used to determine the optimal lower GCT threshold for the prediction of growth restriction.\n\nResults: Women in the low GCT had significant lower rates of cesarean delivery

(18.7% versus 22.5%), shoulder dystocia (0.0% versus 0.3%), mean birthweight (3096 +/- 576 versus 3163 +/- 545) and birthweight percentile (49.1 +/- 27.0 versus 53.1 +/- 26.7) and significant higher rates of birthweight <2500 g (11.3% versus 8.5%), below the 10th percentile (8.3% versus 6.5%) and Blebbistatin Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor 3rd percentile (2.3% versus 1.4%). Low GCT was independently associated with an increased risk for birthweight 52500 g (OR = 1.6, 1.2-2.0), birthweight <10th percentile (OR = 1.3, 1.1-1.6), birthweight <3rd percentile (OR 1.7, 1.2-2.5) and neonatal hypoglycemia (OR = 1.4, 1.02-2.0).

The optimal GCT threshold for the prediction of birthweight <10th percentile was 88.5 mg/dL (sensitivity 48.5%, specificity 58.1%).\n\nConclusion: Low-GCT result is independently associated with low birthweight and can be used in combination with additional factors for the prediction of fetal growth restriction.”
“Objective: To describe a technique for surgical correction of a prominent nasolabial fold (NLF) and use of the excised fold to assess the histology and localization of injected hyaluronic acid AR-13324 purchase (HA) fillers.\n\nMethods: Surgical correction was achieved by direct excision of the NLF, followed by advancement of the nasolabial fat compartment into the nasolabial crease. Excised tissue samples were injected with HA fillers (Restylane (R), Perlane (R), or layered Restylane (R)/Perlane (R)), sectioned, and treated with histological stains.\n\nResults: Surgical correction of NLF resulted in highly satisfactory results. HA localized primarily in the lower reticular dermis and subcutis of the excised NLF. Localization appeared similar regardless of the HA product employed.\n\nConclusion: Direct excision of the NLF with advancement of the nasolabial fat compartment is a successful treatment for patients with deep NLF. HA injected into the excised tissue localized near the site of injection, emphasizing the importance of proper placement of HA fillers during soft tissue augmentation.

They do all and more in different situations and in different species. Any insect that flies at night must deal with bat predation. Beetles, mantids, true crickets, mole crickets, katydids, green lacewings, and locusts have anti-bat strategies, and we have just scratched the surface. In an exciting new twist, researchers are taking the technologies developed in the laboratory back into the field, where they are poised to appreciate

the full richness of this remarkable predator-prey interaction.”
“Selecting an appropriate variable subset in linear multivariate methods is an important methodological issue for ecologists. GDC-0994 purchase Interest often exists in obtaining general predictive capacity or in finding causal inferences from predictor variables. selleck chemical Because of a lack of solid knowledge on a studied phenomenon, scientists explore predictor variables in order to find the most meaningful (i.e. discriminating) ones. As an example, we modelled the response of the amphibious softwater plant Eleocharis multicaulis using canonical discriminant function analysis. We asked how

variables can be selected through comparison of several methods: univariate Pearson chi-square screening, principal components analysis (PCA) and step-wise analysis, as well as combinations of some methods. We expected PCA to perform best. The selected methods were evaluated through PD-1/PD-L1 activation fit and stability of the resulting discriminant functions and through correlations between these functions and the predictor variables. The chi-square subset, at P < 0.05, followed by a step-wise sub-selection, gave the best results. In contrast to expectations, PCA performed poorly, as so did step-wise analysis. The different chi-square subset methods all yielded ecologically meaningful variables, while probable noise variables were also selected by PCA and step-wise analysis. We advise against the simple use of PCA or step-wise discriminant analysis to obtain an ecologically meaningful variable subset; the former because it does not take into account the response variable, the latter because noise variables are likely

to be selected. We suggest that univariate screening techniques are a worthwhile alternative for variable selection in ecology.”
“Background: Despite that hereditary diseases are widespread among the Arab population due to high rates of consanguineous marriages, research regarding community awareness towards premarital carrier screening in some countries such as Oman, is extremely scarce. This study aimed to investigate knowledge and attitude towards premarital carrier screening (PMCS) in Oman. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to 400 Omani adults aged 20-35 who attended primary healthcare institutions at the South Batinah Governorate in Oman.

(c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“MicroRNAs (miRNA) precursor (pre-miRNA) molecules can be processed to release a miRNA/miRNA* duplex. In the canonical model of miRNA biogenesis, one strand of the duplex

is thought to be the biologically active miRNA, whereas the other strand is BIX 01294 ic50 thought to be inactive and degraded as a carrier or passenger strand called miRNA* (miRNA star). However, recent studies have revealed that miRNA* strands frequently play roles in the regulatory networks of miRNA target molecules. Our recent study indicated that miR-17 transgenic mice could abundantly express both the mature miR-17-5p and the passenger strand miR-17-3p. Here, we showed that miR-17 enhanced prostate tumor growth and invasion by increasing tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, cell survival and invasion. miRNA target analysis showed that both miR-17-5p and miR-17-3p repressed TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3) expression. Silencing with small interfering this website RNA against TIMP3 promoted cell survival and invasion. Ectopic expression of TIMP3 decreased cell invasion and cell survival. Our results demonstrated that mature miRNA can function coordinately with its

passenger strand, enhancing the repressive ability of a miRNA by binding the same target. Within an intricate regulatory network, this may be among the mechanisms by which miRNA can augment their regulatory capacity.”
“Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are commonly detected on MRI and have recently received an increased interest, GS-7977 cell line because they are associated with vascular disease and dementia. Identification and rating of CMBs on MRI images may be facilitated by semi-automatic detection,

particularly on high-resolution images acquired at high field strength. For these images, visual rating is time-consuming and has limited reproducibility. We present the radial symmetry transform (RST) as an efficient method for semi-automated CMB detection on 7.0 T MR images, with a high sensitivity and a low number of false positives that have to be censored manually. The RST was computed on both echoes of a dual-echo T2*-weighted gradient echo 7.0 T MR sequence in 18 participants from the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) study. Potential CMBs were identified by combining the output of the transform on both echoes. Each potential CMB identified through the RST was visually checked by two raters to identify probable CMBs. The scoring time needed to manually reject false positives was recorded. The sensitivity of 71.2% is higher than that of individual human raters on 7.0 T scans and the required human rater time is reduced from 30 to 2 minutes per scan on average.

Particular focus has been placed on placebo-controlled studies following a single seizure with supportive electroencephalographic and/or GNS-1480 price brain imaging evidence, in the hope of identifying a realistic design that will satisfy licensing

authorities on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.”
“This article includes a review of major intravenous and endovascular stroke trials, treatment options, and future aspects of acute stroke treatment in hemispheric and vertebrobasilar stroke. Since the invention of local intraarterial thrombolysis by Hermann Zeumer in 1981, acute stroke diagnostics and treatment have undergone dramatic improvement. This article addresses major topics in recent stroke treatment debates: optimization of patient selection, intravenous versus endovascular therapy, time window limitations, combined treatment with intravenous/intraarterial bridging therapies (intravenous/intraarterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [rtPA] bridging and intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor/intraarterial rtPA bridging) and modern endovascular treatment modes like percutaneous

transluminal angioplasty (PTA)/stenting and mechanical thrombectomy devices. Modern acute stroke therapy networks www.selleckchem.com/screening/natural-product-library.html should optimize their non-invasive diagnostic capacity to early identify candidates for endovascular therapy with rapid access to specialized neuroendovascular centers using standard protocols. The most promising approach in

acute stroke treatment seems to be a combination of intravenous and endovascular revascularization procedure, combining early treatment initiation with direct clot manipulation and PTA/stenting in underlying stenosis with atherothrombotic occlusions. Further randomized studies comparing intravenous and endovascular treatment, mainly in the anterior circulation, have to be expected and need wide support of the neurologic and neuroradiologic stroke community.”
“Nature routinely carries out small-scale chemistry within lipid bound cells and organelles. Liposome-lipid nanotube networks are being developed by many researchers in attempt to imitate these membrane enclosed environments, with the PRT062607 mouse goal to perform small-scale chemical studies. These systems are well characterized in terms of the diameter of the giant unilamellar vesicles they are constructed from and the length of the nanotubes connecting them. Here we evaluate two methods based on intrinsic curvature for adjusting the diameter of the nanotube, an aspect of the network that has not previously been controllable. This was done by altering the lipid composition of the network membrane with two different approaches. In the first, the composition of the membrane was altered via lipid incubation of exogenous lipids; either with the addition of the low intrinsic curvature lipid soy phosphatidylcholine (soy-PC) or the high intrinsic curvature lipid soy phosphatidylethanolamine (soy-PE).

05). 2. I-to current densities were decreased from epicardial to endocardial ventricular myocytes, which were 59.50 +/- 15.99 pA/pF, 29.15 +/- 5.53 pA/pF, and 12.29 +/- 3.62 pA/pF, respectively at + 70 mV test potential (P < 0.05). 3. APDs were gradually prolonged with the increase of DHA concentrations from 1 mu mol/L to 100 mu mol/L, however, APDs changes were not significant as DHA concentrations

were in the range of 0 mu mol/L to 1 Cell Cycle inhibitor mu mol/L. 4. I-to currents were gradually reduced with the increase of DHA concentrations from 1 mu mol/L to 100 mu mol/L, and its half-inhibited concentration was 5.3 mu mol/L. The results showed that there were regional differences in the distribution of action potentials and I-to in rat epicardial, mid-cardial and endocardial ventricular myocytes. APDs were prolonged and I-to current densities were gradually reduced with the increase of DHA concentrations.\n\nConclusion: The anti-arrhythmia mechanisms of DHA are complex, however, the effects of DHA on action potentials and I-to may be one of the important causes.”
“The swelling properties of polyampholytic hydrogels with different charge stoichiometric ratio were characterized by continuous monitoring changes in optical length of 60 sized hydrogels with 2 nm resolution using an interferometric readout BAY 73-4506 cell line platform. The hydrogels were synthesized by copolymerizing acrylamide, crosslinker Bis and

charged monomers. Anionic-cationic polyampholyte gels consisted of different molar ratio between anionic monomer 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA) and cationic monomer (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium WH-4-023 supplier chloride (APTAC). The polyzwitterionic hydrogels consisted of zwitterionic monomer [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBA) with a certain molar of AMPSA or APTAC in addition to the AAM. The

observed swelling properties versus the ionic strength in the aqueous immersion solution revealed apparent anti-electrolyte signatures for both types of polyampholytic hydrogels. The swelling kinetics was not affected by charge imbalance within the polyampholyte or polyzwitterionic hydrogels. Polyampholyte hydrogels with balanced charge ratio slightly shrinked and then swelled with the increase of ionic strength, which is at variance with the anionic AMPSA offset hydrogels displaying shrinking in low ionic strength and relatively small swelling at high ionic strength. The swelling properties of imbalanced polyampholyte hydrogels were not equal to simply linear overlap of those of polyampholyte hydrogels with balanced charges, and corresponding polyelectrolyte hydrogels. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In this work, Li-modified KNN ceramic compositions ((K0.5Na0.5)(1-x)Li-x)NbO3 with x = 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.65 and 0.07 were prepared by a conventional solid-state mixed-oxide method.

In mice, cremophor-based intraperitoneal

administration always attained higher plasma and brain concentrations, independent of substance given. In rats, oral administration offered higher brain concentrations for CBD (120 mg/kg) and CBDV (60 mg/kg), but not for Delta(9)-THCV (30 mg/kg) and CBG (120 mg/kg), for PHA-739358 research buy which the intraperitoneal route was more effective. CBD inhibited obsessive-compulsive behaviour in a time-dependent manner matching its pharmacokinetic profile.\n\nThese data provide important information on the brain and plasma exposure of new phytocannabinoids and guidance for the most efficacious administration route and time points for determination of drug effects under in vivo conditions.”
“Autosomal recessive intellectual

disability (ID) is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity. Recently, three mutations in SZT2 were reported in two unrelated children with unexplained infantile epileptic encephalopathy with severe ID. Here we report a European American family with three children having non-syndromic mild or moderate ID without seizures. Whole-exome sequencing of three affected siblings revealed a three base pair deletion (c. 4202_4204delTTC) located in a 19 mb autozygous region on chromosome 1, leading to an amino acid deletion (p. Phe1401del) in SZT2. All three Pinometostat children were homozygous for the deletion and their parents were heterozygous as expected in autosomal recessive Blebbistatin in vivo inheritance. SZT2

is highly expressed in neuronal tissues and regulates seizure threshold and neuronal excitation in mice. We conclude that the disruption of SZT2 with some residual function might lead to mild or moderate ID without seizures.”
“Growth and production of five medicinal crops (Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Linum usitatissimum L., Nigella sativa L., Anethum sowa Benth and Hook and Carum copticum Benth and Hook) were evaluated at Quetta and Kalat in Balochistan during 2005. The seeds of these crops were obtained from the Arid Zone Research Center, Quetta. Various growth (plant height, branches per plant) and yield components (umbels per plant, seeds per umbels and seed yield) were recorded. Significant (P < 0.05) differences for growth and yield were recoded at both sites. F. vulgare and L. usitatissimum produced the highest yield at both sites (more than 1000 kg/ha). A. sowa and N. sativa seed yield recorded less than 1000 kg/ha while the seed yield of C. copticum was less than 700 kg/ha. The sowing of these crops in highlands of Balochistan should be carried out during the months of late February or early March to avoid the seedling damage by cold or low temperatures. Results indicate that these crops have potential of cultivation and diversification of cropping systems in Balochistan. The production can be enhanced by using new high yielding varieties with proper production technology and management practices.