2012). That said, with the currently used sequencing and analysis methods, DNA taxonomy is not a silver bullet. Recent speciation events may be hard to detect selleck products reliably with the most commonly used markers, and with single-marker approaches in general due to effects of lineage sorting and introgression (Mattio and Payri 2010, Neiva et al. 2010, Zardi et al.

2011). However, with the improvements in sequencing technologies that we are experiencing, one can soon expect a shift from single-marker to multimarker approaches, which will drastically improve our ability to distinguish between closely related species, hopefully even in the face of hybridization (e.g., Zardi et al. 2011). Leliaert et al. (2014) provide a review of DNA-based species delimitation in phycology. Even after DNA sequencing takes central stage in species delimitation, morphological characterization Erlotinib cost of species will remain

a critical task. Features like shape, size, and color will remain our first visual point of access to the algae we study and our first clue to their identity for the time to come. Algal morphology is of great ecological relevance, as is illustrated by the body of work on algal functional morphology as well as the various references to morphological plasticity made in this paper and elsewhere. It also serves as a key feature in research into functional genomics and physiology, and we need to characterize it to understand the evolutionary dynamics 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 of algal shapes and their functionality. In species-level taxonomy, morphological features are increasingly being used

as secondary defining features, after more reliable features have been used to define species boundaries. Should DNA sequences suggest that there are multiple species in a set of samples, the logical next step is to search for morphological clues that support or contradict this hypothesis. This approach, which is sometimes called “molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy” or “reverse taxonomy,” has been widely adopted and is hugely successful in algal taxonomy. As part of this approach, morphological features will also continue to play a major role in nomenclature, more specifically in the process of fitting old names into modern, DNA-based taxonomies. As is evident from the simulations presented here, this process will often involve dealing with uncertainty because not all species will have unique morphologies. And rather than letting this uncertainty grind algal taxonomy to a standstill, we should be pragmatic in making educated decisions in the face of uncertainty to move algal taxonomy forward. All of this relates back to the revision of the C. racemosa–peltata complex in a very direct way.

A further study, from SAHA HDAC research buy Turkey, looked at the utility of levofloxacin as a second-line therapy when given in a sequential or concomitant regime [39]. This study found ITT cure rates of 82.2% for levofloxacin sequential therapy as second-line

and 90.6% for a levofloxacin concomitant regimen. In a Korean second-line study, levofloxacin-based triple therapy was less effective than quadruple therapy when both were given over 7 days, 67.9 vs 84.2% [40]. As a third-line agent, the newer fluoroquinolone agent sitafloxacin, which has lower minimum inhibitory concentration for H.  pylori, was seen to be effective in a study from Japan [41]. In this study, patients who had failed to achieve eradication after both clarithromycin and metronidazole-based triple therapy were given sitafloxacin along with PPI and either amoxicillin or metronidazole for one and 2 weeks, and in all four regimens were found to

achieve ITT eradication rates of 84.1% for 1 week and 88.9% for 2 weeks with amoxicillin, and of 90.9% for 1 week and 87.2% GSK458 order for 2 weeks with metronidazole. Bismuth, like the fluoroquinolones, is a versatile anti-H. pylori agent that appears to have benefits as a first-line and rescue therapy. In one large study from China, patients were randomized to receive sequential or bismuth-based quadruple therapy with a crossover design built-in for treatment failures [42]. As first-line agents, similar ITT eradication rates were found: 89.4% for sequential and 92.7%

for bismuth-based therapy. One hundred percent success was noted for both treatments in the crossover arms for treatment failures, giving an impressive cumulative eradication rate of 100% medchemexpress for two lines of therapy. Interestingly, the overall incidence of adverse events was significantly higher in the bismuth-based arm (16.7 vs 8.1%). Two other studies were published from Turkey looking at bismuth as a first-line agent. The first found an eradication rate of 90.7% when bismuth was used with PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin [43]. The second study looked at the use of ranitidine bismuth citrate as an alternative to PPI and found it to be as effective, but in this case, eradication rates were poor in both arms (65.1% for ranitidine bismuth citrate users and 63.6% for PPI users) [44]. Two further studies looked at the role of bismuth in second-line therapy. A large study from China on 424 patients who had failed a variety of first-line agents looked at the efficacy of bismuth when given as a quadruple therapy along with lansoprazole as PPI and either tetracycline or amoxicillin with metronidazole or furazolidone [45]. This study showed ITT eradication rates of 87.9–95.2% for all combinations with the best outcome being for lansoprazole, bismuth, amoxicillin, and furazolidone. Side effects were frequent and occurred in 33.6% of subjects but significantly more frequently in those taking metronidazole.

A further study, from Proteasomal inhibitor Turkey, looked at the utility of levofloxacin as a second-line therapy when given in a sequential or concomitant regime [39]. This study found ITT cure rates of 82.2% for levofloxacin sequential therapy as second-line

and 90.6% for a levofloxacin concomitant regimen. In a Korean second-line study, levofloxacin-based triple therapy was less effective than quadruple therapy when both were given over 7 days, 67.9 vs 84.2% [40]. As a third-line agent, the newer fluoroquinolone agent sitafloxacin, which has lower minimum inhibitory concentration for H.  pylori, was seen to be effective in a study from Japan [41]. In this study, patients who had failed to achieve eradication after both clarithromycin and metronidazole-based triple therapy were given sitafloxacin along with PPI and either amoxicillin or metronidazole for one and 2 weeks, and in all four regimens were found to

achieve ITT eradication rates of 84.1% for 1 week and 88.9% for 2 weeks with amoxicillin, and of 90.9% for 1 week and 87.2% Vadimezan nmr for 2 weeks with metronidazole. Bismuth, like the fluoroquinolones, is a versatile anti-H. pylori agent that appears to have benefits as a first-line and rescue therapy. In one large study from China, patients were randomized to receive sequential or bismuth-based quadruple therapy with a crossover design built-in for treatment failures [42]. As first-line agents, similar ITT eradication rates were found: 89.4% for sequential and 92.7%

for bismuth-based therapy. One hundred percent success was noted for both treatments in the crossover arms for treatment failures, giving an impressive cumulative eradication rate of 100% 上海皓元 for two lines of therapy. Interestingly, the overall incidence of adverse events was significantly higher in the bismuth-based arm (16.7 vs 8.1%). Two other studies were published from Turkey looking at bismuth as a first-line agent. The first found an eradication rate of 90.7% when bismuth was used with PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin [43]. The second study looked at the use of ranitidine bismuth citrate as an alternative to PPI and found it to be as effective, but in this case, eradication rates were poor in both arms (65.1% for ranitidine bismuth citrate users and 63.6% for PPI users) [44]. Two further studies looked at the role of bismuth in second-line therapy. A large study from China on 424 patients who had failed a variety of first-line agents looked at the efficacy of bismuth when given as a quadruple therapy along with lansoprazole as PPI and either tetracycline or amoxicillin with metronidazole or furazolidone [45]. This study showed ITT eradication rates of 87.9–95.2% for all combinations with the best outcome being for lansoprazole, bismuth, amoxicillin, and furazolidone. Side effects were frequent and occurred in 33.6% of subjects but significantly more frequently in those taking metronidazole.

Clinical outcomes were predefined in the HALT-C Trial protocol and included death due to any cause, liver-related death, HCC, and hepatic decompensation (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal hemorrhage, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis); we also collected data on liver transplantation. Two definitions

of HCC were adopted in the HALT-C Trial: “definite” HCC and “presumed” HCC. Definite HCC was defined by histologic confirmation or a new, ≥2-cm mass lesion on imaging with AFP levels increasing to >1000 ng/mL. Presumed HCC was defined as a new mass lesion on ultrasound in the absence of histology and AFP < 1000 ng/mL mTOR inhibitor in conjunction with one of the following characteristics: (1) two liver imaging studies showing a mass lesion with characteristics of HCC, (2) progressively enlarging lesion on ultrasound and leading to death, or (3) one additional imaging study showing a mass lesion with characteristics of HCC that either increased in size over time or was accompanied by increasing AFP levels.11 An outcome committee, whose

members consisted of a rotating panel of three clinical site investigators blinded to study participant and clinical site, reviewed and adjudicated the validity of each clinical outcome. For the current analysis, we assessed overall mortality (i.e., death from any cause) or liver transplantation, and liver-related morbidity and mortality. Death from any cause or liver transplantation was defined find more as any patient who died (of any cause) or had undergone liver transplantation. The four categories of liver-related morbidity and mortality were: (1) Any liver-related clinical outcome: all patients in whom decompensated liver disease (ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) or HCC (presumed or definite) developed, or who had undergone liver transplantation, or died from conditions related to liver disease. For the calculation of

the cumulative 上海皓元 incidence of any liver-related outcomes, patients were censored at the time when the first outcome developed. (2) Decompensated liver disease: all patients whose first clinical outcome was decompensated liver disease. (3) HCC: all patients in whom, at any time during the study, definite or presumed HCC developed. (4) Liver-related death or liver transplantation: any patient who died as the result of a liver-related cause, based on the opinion of the clinical site principal investigator, or who had undergone liver transplantation. Statistical analyses were performed at the Data Coordinating Center (New England Research Institute, Watertown, MA) with SAS software, release 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The chi-squared and analysis of variance tests were used to determine categorical and continuous variables that were significantly different between the SVR group and the two comparison groups (NR and BT/R).

Clinical outcomes were predefined in the HALT-C Trial protocol and included death due to any cause, liver-related death, HCC, and hepatic decompensation (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal hemorrhage, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis); we also collected data on liver transplantation. Two definitions

of HCC were adopted in the HALT-C Trial: “definite” HCC and “presumed” HCC. Definite HCC was defined by histologic confirmation or a new, ≥2-cm mass lesion on imaging with AFP levels increasing to >1000 ng/mL. Presumed HCC was defined as a new mass lesion on ultrasound in the absence of histology and AFP < 1000 ng/mL PLX3397 datasheet in conjunction with one of the following characteristics: (1) two liver imaging studies showing a mass lesion with characteristics of HCC, (2) progressively enlarging lesion on ultrasound and leading to death, or (3) one additional imaging study showing a mass lesion with characteristics of HCC that either increased in size over time or was accompanied by increasing AFP levels.11 An outcome committee, whose

members consisted of a rotating panel of three clinical site investigators blinded to study participant and clinical site, reviewed and adjudicated the validity of each clinical outcome. For the current analysis, we assessed overall mortality (i.e., death from any cause) or liver transplantation, and liver-related morbidity and mortality. Death from any cause or liver transplantation was defined selleck kinase inhibitor as any patient who died (of any cause) or had undergone liver transplantation. The four categories of liver-related morbidity and mortality were: (1) Any liver-related clinical outcome: all patients in whom decompensated liver disease (ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) or HCC (presumed or definite) developed, or who had undergone liver transplantation, or died from conditions related to liver disease. For the calculation of

the cumulative MCE incidence of any liver-related outcomes, patients were censored at the time when the first outcome developed. (2) Decompensated liver disease: all patients whose first clinical outcome was decompensated liver disease. (3) HCC: all patients in whom, at any time during the study, definite or presumed HCC developed. (4) Liver-related death or liver transplantation: any patient who died as the result of a liver-related cause, based on the opinion of the clinical site principal investigator, or who had undergone liver transplantation. Statistical analyses were performed at the Data Coordinating Center (New England Research Institute, Watertown, MA) with SAS software, release 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The chi-squared and analysis of variance tests were used to determine categorical and continuous variables that were significantly different between the SVR group and the two comparison groups (NR and BT/R).

Indeed, on the basis of the similar

way in which sperm are stored and utilized in all birds, it seems likely that passive sperm loss is ubiquitous in this taxon. It is important to recognize that second or last male sperm precedence is not the rule in birds, especially in the wild. The experimental studies demonstrating the existence of last male sperm precedence in birds were conducted under very restrictive conditions, notably with equal numbers of equally competitive sperm in two inseminations. This is an unlikely scenario in the wild. Moreover, it is now known that both sperm numbers and sperm quality, which BIBW2992 mouse can vary substantially between males, have a marked

influence on the outcome of sperm competition (Birkhead et al., 1999). In some species, males can allocate sperm number strategically (Cornwallis & Birkhead, 2006). It is also known that females can influence the uptake of a male’s sperm, and so the outcome of sperm competition in the wild is likely to be a due to a combination of factors that can obscure or override the influence of insemination order. Sperm competition mechanisms in mammals seem to be simpler than in birds or insects, probably because in most species, there is little or no sperm storage by the female and as a result, the interval between insemination and fertilization is usually much shorter, and sometimes just a few hours. An early, prescient model Epigenetics inhibitor of sperm competition medchemexpress in mammals by Ginsberg & Huck (1989) proposed that the timing of insemination relative to sperm capacitation and that in turn relative to when the female ovulated would be crucial for the outcome of sperm competition. There is now good

evidence for this and that the timing of capacitation varies between species (Gomendio et al., 2006). A particularly striking adaptation to sperm competition in rodents is ‘sperm trains’– groups of sperm operating as a unit. The woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus, for example, is a species with relatively large testes and high levels of multiple paternity (Baker, Makova & Chesser, 1999) in which sperm trains are typical. Moore et al. (2002) found that the curiously extended hook on the sperm head allowed sperm to grasp each others’ flagella and swim as a ‘train’. They also showed that trains swan faster than individual sperm, because their flagella beat in unison, and speculated that this sperm cooperation was an adaptation to sperm competition, allowing sperm to rapidly traverse the hostile vagina and enter the cervix, before moving individually to the site of fertilization. Later, in a comparative study, Immler et al.

Indeed, on the basis of the similar

way in which sperm are stored and utilized in all birds, it seems likely that passive sperm loss is ubiquitous in this taxon. It is important to recognize that second or last male sperm precedence is not the rule in birds, especially in the wild. The experimental studies demonstrating the existence of last male sperm precedence in birds were conducted under very restrictive conditions, notably with equal numbers of equally competitive sperm in two inseminations. This is an unlikely scenario in the wild. Moreover, it is now known that both sperm numbers and sperm quality, which Ensartinib chemical structure can vary substantially between males, have a marked

influence on the outcome of sperm competition (Birkhead et al., 1999). In some species, males can allocate sperm number strategically (Cornwallis & Birkhead, 2006). It is also known that females can influence the uptake of a male’s sperm, and so the outcome of sperm competition in the wild is likely to be a due to a combination of factors that can obscure or override the influence of insemination order. Sperm competition mechanisms in mammals seem to be simpler than in birds or insects, probably because in most species, there is little or no sperm storage by the female and as a result, the interval between insemination and fertilization is usually much shorter, and sometimes just a few hours. An early, prescient model Akt inhibitor of sperm competition MCE in mammals by Ginsberg & Huck (1989) proposed that the timing of insemination relative to sperm capacitation and that in turn relative to when the female ovulated would be crucial for the outcome of sperm competition. There is now good

evidence for this and that the timing of capacitation varies between species (Gomendio et al., 2006). A particularly striking adaptation to sperm competition in rodents is ‘sperm trains’– groups of sperm operating as a unit. The woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus, for example, is a species with relatively large testes and high levels of multiple paternity (Baker, Makova & Chesser, 1999) in which sperm trains are typical. Moore et al. (2002) found that the curiously extended hook on the sperm head allowed sperm to grasp each others’ flagella and swim as a ‘train’. They also showed that trains swan faster than individual sperm, because their flagella beat in unison, and speculated that this sperm cooperation was an adaptation to sperm competition, allowing sperm to rapidly traverse the hostile vagina and enter the cervix, before moving individually to the site of fertilization. Later, in a comparative study, Immler et al.

Those AHSC with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, abnormal aminotransferase, abnormal bilirubin and/or abnormal hepatobiliary sonography were subjected to further tests (like liver function test, autoimmune hepatitis profile, glucose tolerance test, fasting AZD1208 insulin level, lipid profile, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, thyroid profile, creatine kinase, IgM antiHAV,

IgM antiHEV vitamin B12, homocysteine). Results: Among 3624 AHSC mean age=10.1±3.8 years , median age=10 years, maximum age group= 8-13 years, range=2.5-21years, girls=1395(38.4%), overweight=286(7.9%), obese=68(1.9%), hypertension=218(6%), type-2 Diabetes=1(0.02%), type-1 diabetes=2(0.05%), dyslipidemia=45(1.2%), hepatomegaly

was seen in 63(1.7%), splenomegaly=5(0.13%), abnormal aminotransferase=96(2.6%), abnormal bilirubin=17(0.46%), HBsAg positivity=1(0.02%), antiHCV positivity=0(0%) and abnormal hepatobiliary sonography=94(2.5%). Total 133(3.6%) AHSC had liver disease. Etiological spectrum was as follows: A) asymptomatic acute hepatitis in 10(0.2%) Hepatitis A=7(0.19%), Hepatitis E=2(0.05%), undetermined=1(0.02%); Erismodegib supplier B) asymptomatic chronic liver diseases in 126(3.4%) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[NAFLD]=123(3.3%), hepatitis B=1(0.02%)[immunotolerant phase], unexplained transaminesemia=2(0.05%).Among NAFLD(n=123), there were 3 categories: NAFLD with normal transaminase=52(42.2%),

NAFLD with elevated transaminase=24(19.5%), elevated transaminase with metabolic syndrome and/or insulin resistance(probable NAFLD)=47(38.2%). Other diseases were identified: Gilbert’s syndrome=3(0.08%), vitamin B12 deficiency=12(0.33%), extrahepatic portal venous obstruction=1(0.02%), gall stones=11(0.3%), thalassemia trait as cause for hyperbilirubinemia=4(0.11%). Conclusion: The most 上海皓元 common liver disease in AHSC is NAFLD. Viral, autoimmune or other metabolic diseases are very uncommon. Key Word(s): 1. pediatric; 2. liver disease; 3. NAFLD; Presenting Author: NIKHIL PATEL Additional Authors: DEEPAK AMARAPURKAR, SANJAY PATEL, CHETAN LAKHANI, JAYESH BHATT, RITESH PRAJAPATI, PAYAL PATEL, SULABH SOLANKI, JIGNESH SHAH Corresponding Author: NIKHIL PATEL Affiliations: nil Objective: Recently, in India, there is increasing pediatric obesity due to changing life-style and decreasing viral hepatitis due to improved hygiene and vaccination. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is increasing in pediatric practice. Early recognition and treatment can prevent bad liver outcome in adult-hood. As there is paucity of data, this study was planned to know prevalence of obesity and NAFLD in pediatric population. Methods: This prospective study was done in 17 schools of Anand in 2012.

Those AHSC with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, abnormal aminotransferase, abnormal bilirubin and/or abnormal hepatobiliary sonography were subjected to further tests (like liver function test, autoimmune hepatitis profile, glucose tolerance test, fasting find more insulin level, lipid profile, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, thyroid profile, creatine kinase, IgM antiHAV,

IgM antiHEV vitamin B12, homocysteine). Results: Among 3624 AHSC mean age=10.1±3.8 years , median age=10 years, maximum age group= 8-13 years, range=2.5-21years, girls=1395(38.4%), overweight=286(7.9%), obese=68(1.9%), hypertension=218(6%), type-2 Diabetes=1(0.02%), type-1 diabetes=2(0.05%), dyslipidemia=45(1.2%), hepatomegaly

was seen in 63(1.7%), splenomegaly=5(0.13%), abnormal aminotransferase=96(2.6%), abnormal bilirubin=17(0.46%), HBsAg positivity=1(0.02%), antiHCV positivity=0(0%) and abnormal hepatobiliary sonography=94(2.5%). Total 133(3.6%) AHSC had liver disease. Etiological spectrum was as follows: A) asymptomatic acute hepatitis in 10(0.2%) Hepatitis A=7(0.19%), Hepatitis E=2(0.05%), undetermined=1(0.02%); selleck chemicals llc B) asymptomatic chronic liver diseases in 126(3.4%) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[NAFLD]=123(3.3%), hepatitis B=1(0.02%)[immunotolerant phase], unexplained transaminesemia=2(0.05%).Among NAFLD(n=123), there were 3 categories: NAFLD with normal transaminase=52(42.2%),

NAFLD with elevated transaminase=24(19.5%), elevated transaminase with metabolic syndrome and/or insulin resistance(probable NAFLD)=47(38.2%). Other diseases were identified: Gilbert’s syndrome=3(0.08%), vitamin B12 deficiency=12(0.33%), extrahepatic portal venous obstruction=1(0.02%), gall stones=11(0.3%), thalassemia trait as cause for hyperbilirubinemia=4(0.11%). Conclusion: The most 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 common liver disease in AHSC is NAFLD. Viral, autoimmune or other metabolic diseases are very uncommon. Key Word(s): 1. pediatric; 2. liver disease; 3. NAFLD; Presenting Author: NIKHIL PATEL Additional Authors: DEEPAK AMARAPURKAR, SANJAY PATEL, CHETAN LAKHANI, JAYESH BHATT, RITESH PRAJAPATI, PAYAL PATEL, SULABH SOLANKI, JIGNESH SHAH Corresponding Author: NIKHIL PATEL Affiliations: nil Objective: Recently, in India, there is increasing pediatric obesity due to changing life-style and decreasing viral hepatitis due to improved hygiene and vaccination. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is increasing in pediatric practice. Early recognition and treatment can prevent bad liver outcome in adult-hood. As there is paucity of data, this study was planned to know prevalence of obesity and NAFLD in pediatric population. Methods: This prospective study was done in 17 schools of Anand in 2012.

Those AHSC with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, abnormal aminotransferase, abnormal bilirubin and/or abnormal hepatobiliary sonography were subjected to further tests (like liver function test, autoimmune hepatitis profile, glucose tolerance test, fasting Selleckchem Paclitaxel insulin level, lipid profile, ferritin, ceruloplasmin, thyroid profile, creatine kinase, IgM antiHAV,

IgM antiHEV vitamin B12, homocysteine). Results: Among 3624 AHSC mean age=10.1±3.8 years , median age=10 years, maximum age group= 8-13 years, range=2.5-21years, girls=1395(38.4%), overweight=286(7.9%), obese=68(1.9%), hypertension=218(6%), type-2 Diabetes=1(0.02%), type-1 diabetes=2(0.05%), dyslipidemia=45(1.2%), hepatomegaly

was seen in 63(1.7%), splenomegaly=5(0.13%), abnormal aminotransferase=96(2.6%), abnormal bilirubin=17(0.46%), HBsAg positivity=1(0.02%), antiHCV positivity=0(0%) and abnormal hepatobiliary sonography=94(2.5%). Total 133(3.6%) AHSC had liver disease. Etiological spectrum was as follows: A) asymptomatic acute hepatitis in 10(0.2%) Hepatitis A=7(0.19%), Hepatitis E=2(0.05%), undetermined=1(0.02%); selleck B) asymptomatic chronic liver diseases in 126(3.4%) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[NAFLD]=123(3.3%), hepatitis B=1(0.02%)[immunotolerant phase], unexplained transaminesemia=2(0.05%).Among NAFLD(n=123), there were 3 categories: NAFLD with normal transaminase=52(42.2%),

NAFLD with elevated transaminase=24(19.5%), elevated transaminase with metabolic syndrome and/or insulin resistance(probable NAFLD)=47(38.2%). Other diseases were identified: Gilbert’s syndrome=3(0.08%), vitamin B12 deficiency=12(0.33%), extrahepatic portal venous obstruction=1(0.02%), gall stones=11(0.3%), thalassemia trait as cause for hyperbilirubinemia=4(0.11%). Conclusion: The most 上海皓元 common liver disease in AHSC is NAFLD. Viral, autoimmune or other metabolic diseases are very uncommon. Key Word(s): 1. pediatric; 2. liver disease; 3. NAFLD; Presenting Author: NIKHIL PATEL Additional Authors: DEEPAK AMARAPURKAR, SANJAY PATEL, CHETAN LAKHANI, JAYESH BHATT, RITESH PRAJAPATI, PAYAL PATEL, SULABH SOLANKI, JIGNESH SHAH Corresponding Author: NIKHIL PATEL Affiliations: nil Objective: Recently, in India, there is increasing pediatric obesity due to changing life-style and decreasing viral hepatitis due to improved hygiene and vaccination. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is increasing in pediatric practice. Early recognition and treatment can prevent bad liver outcome in adult-hood. As there is paucity of data, this study was planned to know prevalence of obesity and NAFLD in pediatric population. Methods: This prospective study was done in 17 schools of Anand in 2012.