The relationship between emotions and call structure might not be

The relationship between emotions and call structure might not be entirely predicted from the motivation-structural rules, but the

opposite could be true (i.e. motivation-structural rules could be explained by the underlying emotional state of the caller in aggressive/friendly contexts). Therefore, vocal correlates of emotions need to be studied using experimental situations, specifically designed to trigger emotions characterized by a given valence and arousal. I carried out an extensive search of the available literature with the following keywords: vocal, expression, communication, call, acoustic, mammal, animal, condition, BEZ235 research buy context, stress, welfare, motivation, emotion, affect, state, arousal, valence, positive and negative. Table 3 lists 58 studies that I found on different orders and species of mammals, in which vocalizations

were analysed in relation to either arousal/valence or in relation to click here different contexts or situations suggesting a certain emotional arousal/valence. Variations in hunger, pain and stress were considered as similar to variations in emotional arousal. Table 3 is not exhaustive and is focused on encoding of emotions in vocalizations more than decoding. It is intended to include different orders/species and to represent biases towards certain orders/species that have been studied more than others. Vocal correlates of arousal have been studied considerably

more than correlates of valence, and most studies focused on negative situations (e.g. stress, pain, isolation, separation). Primates are the most studied order. These species often have a repertoire of several call types. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the contexts of production of these call variants, in order to categorize them and understand their meaning and functions (e.g. Rendall et al., 1999; Scheumann et al., 2007; Meise et al., 2011). Some call types appear to vary gradually within and between contexts according to the caller’s internal state (e.g. Coss, McCowan & Ramakrishnan, selleck inhibitor 2007). Pigs Sus scrofa are the most studied species, with the aim of finding vocal correlates of welfare (see also Weary & Fraser, 1995b; Weary, Ross & Fraser, 1997, not listed in Table 3). Most studies conducted in the wild or in captivity consist in recording one or several types of vocalizations produced during naturally occurring situations characterized by different levels of arousal or variance (method = ‘Observation’ in Table 3). For example, Soltis, Blowers & Savage (2011) studied African elephant Loxodonta africana vocalizations produced during three naturally occurring social contexts; one low-arousal neutral context characterized by minimal social activity, one high-arousal negative context (dominance interaction), and one high-arousal positive context (affiliative interaction).

The relationship between emotions and call structure might not be

The relationship between emotions and call structure might not be entirely predicted from the motivation-structural rules, but the

opposite could be true (i.e. motivation-structural rules could be explained by the underlying emotional state of the caller in aggressive/friendly contexts). Therefore, vocal correlates of emotions need to be studied using experimental situations, specifically designed to trigger emotions characterized by a given valence and arousal. I carried out an extensive search of the available literature with the following keywords: vocal, expression, communication, call, acoustic, mammal, animal, condition, AG-014699 nmr context, stress, welfare, motivation, emotion, affect, state, arousal, valence, positive and negative. Table 3 lists 58 studies that I found on different orders and species of mammals, in which vocalizations

were analysed in relation to either arousal/valence or in relation to Selleck Staurosporine different contexts or situations suggesting a certain emotional arousal/valence. Variations in hunger, pain and stress were considered as similar to variations in emotional arousal. Table 3 is not exhaustive and is focused on encoding of emotions in vocalizations more than decoding. It is intended to include different orders/species and to represent biases towards certain orders/species that have been studied more than others. Vocal correlates of arousal have been studied considerably

more than correlates of valence, and most studies focused on negative situations (e.g. stress, pain, isolation, separation). Primates are the most studied order. These species often have a repertoire of several call types. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the contexts of production of these call variants, in order to categorize them and understand their meaning and functions (e.g. Rendall et al., 1999; Scheumann et al., 2007; Meise et al., 2011). Some call types appear to vary gradually within and between contexts according to the caller’s internal state (e.g. Coss, McCowan & Ramakrishnan, selleck chemicals 2007). Pigs Sus scrofa are the most studied species, with the aim of finding vocal correlates of welfare (see also Weary & Fraser, 1995b; Weary, Ross & Fraser, 1997, not listed in Table 3). Most studies conducted in the wild or in captivity consist in recording one or several types of vocalizations produced during naturally occurring situations characterized by different levels of arousal or variance (method = ‘Observation’ in Table 3). For example, Soltis, Blowers & Savage (2011) studied African elephant Loxodonta africana vocalizations produced during three naturally occurring social contexts; one low-arousal neutral context characterized by minimal social activity, one high-arousal negative context (dominance interaction), and one high-arousal positive context (affiliative interaction).

Bastidas-Ramirez, Daniela Gordillo-Bastidas, Ana Sandoval-Rodrigu

Bastidas-Ramirez, Daniela Gordillo-Bastidas, Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez, Jaime Gonzalez-Cuevas, Jose Macias-Barragan, Belinda C. Gomez-Meda, Juan Armendariz-Borunda

Purpose: The role of microRNA (miRNA) deficiency in the development of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is poorly understood because animal models that involve both click here are lacking. Methods: We crossed Albumin-Cre transgenic mice with Di Georges syndrome Critical Region gene 8 (DGCR8) floxed mice to obtain hepatocyte-specific DGCR8 K〇 mice (DGCR8Ahep mice). DGCR8 is an essential cofactor of Drosha involved exclusively in miRNA processing. Because these mice have non-functioning DGCR8-mediated miRNA processing in cells that express albumin, leading to global miRNA deficiency in hepatocytes, they provided an accurate model for defining the role of miRNAs in ICC formation. We used our previously established model of ICC consisting of hydrodynamic tail vein injection (HDTVI) of a cocktail of plasmids (AKT, NICD, n-RAS and LUC) stably integrated using the sleeping beauty transposase.

This model induces ICC formation of hepatocyte origin in 4 weeks. Results: We monitored luciferase activity using an IVIS spectrum instrument over time and noticed that DGCR8 K〇 mice were losing activity 3 weeks after HDTVI while WT mice had an increased Metabolism inhibitor luciferase activity. When we sacrificed mice at 4 weeks, the WT mice had macroscopic cystic tumors in their livers while the KO had a smooth liver. Alanine transaminases were significantly

reduced in DGCR8 KO compared to WT mice. In order to have an accurate overview of the liver lobes, we took serial pictures of H&E staining that we stitched in FIJI. We then confirmed that WT livers were full of cystic tumors at 4 weeks after HDTVI but KO livers displayed significantly less after selleck products counting the tumors. They were also smaller in size. Immunostaining for the liver progenitor marker osteopontin showed a significant increase in KO mice which suggested that these cells may play a role in helping the DGCR8 KO mice to clear the cancer. Thus, we repeated the HDTVI experiment but in mice fed with DDC for 4 weeks prior the injection. In this condition, no matter the genotype, we could not detect any tumor 4 weeks after injection macroscopically, and found only 1 WT mouse with few nodules compared to the more than 30 nodules per lobe on the chow diet-fed WT mice. Conclusion: In conclusion and in analogy to HCC that we also found to be protected in these KO mice, our results support the hypothesis that global microRNA deficiency in hepatocytes impairs ICC formation and that one or more mRNAs are needed for ICC formation and inhibition of these specific miRNAs may have a therapeutic potential for ICC.

Methods: Their ability to induce the production of immunoglobulin

Methods: Their ability to induce the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) specific was evaluated using an assay of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Furthermore, an allergen recognized as the lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) was included

as a control. Results: The analysis by SDS-PAGE of pigeon pea protein showed four polypeptide bands from 75 to 50 KDa and approximately to 35 KDa. Sensitization tests with both protein isolates, from green beans and dry beans of pigeon pea did not induce the production of specific IgE in the 77.8% and 75% of cases, respectively. The pigeon pea protein stimulated the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG), determined by a specific ELISA. Conclusion: The pigeon pea

protein showed a reduced capability as an allergen in this in vivo model; its use can be an alternative to lupine and soybean flour. Nevertheless, other tests in R428 mw animal models via the gastrointestinal tract and use of adjuvants are necessary. Key Word(s): 1. allergies; 2. leguminous; 3. pigeon pea; 4. proteins; Presenting Author: Md. Ariful Haque Mollik Corresponding Author: Md. Ariful Haque Mollik Affiliations: Peoples Integrated Alliance Objective: Scientists are searching for new leads from the natural sources to combat different diseases. Until recently an insignificant part of the plants has been scientifically evaluated for their medicinal values. The investigations were undertaken to discover new drugs from the natural sources. Celsia coromandelina J.König ex Rottb. belongs to the plant family Scrophulariaceae Juss. and is widely distributed Selleckchem DAPT throughout the Bangladesh. It is locally known as Kukurmota. It is locally used for the remedy of killer diseases as well as debilitating diseases. The investigations examined the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects of its all-parts. Methods: The 75% ethanol extract was tested selleck compound for anti-inflammatory effect using the

carrageenan-induced edema in Wistar rats. Free radical scavenging, total antioxidant, and total phenol content were assessed spectrophotometrically. The extract was tested for antibacterial activities using the agar well diffusion method and micro dilution assays. Results: The 75% ethanol extract gave a maximal inhibition of edema by 75.50% at 30 mg/kg. The total antioxidant capacities expressed in terms of ascorbic acid was 0.610 mg/g dry weight. The total phenol in terms of tannic acid was 7.50 mg/g dry weight. The extract also demonstrated free radical scavenging activities yielding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.175 mg/mL. The all-parts extract however, showed selective antibacterial activities, inhibiting growth of two microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis Ehrenberg, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 500 and 1000 μg/mL respectively.

2 The authors previously reported that clusters of pancreatic aci

2 The authors previously reported that clusters of pancreatic acinar cells are present in normal adult livers.3 The ductal plate is a double-layered cylindrical structure located in the periportal regions of the fetal liver (Fig. 1A).4-8 The ductal plate undergoes remodeling (Fig. 1B,C),

leading to the normal cholangiocytes and intrahepatic peribiliary glands.4-8 The remodeling involves apoptosis and cell proliferation of the ductal plate. Several molecules, such as glycoconjugates, Levis y, Bcl-2, C-myc, tenascin, matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, trypsin, pancreatic digestive enzymes, E-cadherin, and catenin, are involved in the process of ductal plate remodeling.2-10 Pancreatic acinar cell Venetoclax chemical structure clusters develop

from the remodeling ductal plate.4, 8 The authors again reviewed 42 fetal livers of various gestational ages and Cobimetinib 32 postnatal livers, and observed that intrahepatic peribiliary glands developed from the remodeling ductal plate at 35 to 40 gestational weeks for fetal livers as well as in the infant livers. The authors also found that pancreatic acinar cells developed from remodeling and remodeled ductal plate at 38 to 40 gestational weeks for fetal livers (Fig. 1D) as well as infant livers of 1 to 3 months (Fig. 1E). Immunohistochemically, the pancreatic acinar cells contained pancreatic amylase,

trypsinogen, and lipase. Tadashi Terada M.D., this website Ph.D.*, * Department of Pathology, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan. “
“A 52-year-old man with a history of alcohol-induced, Child-Pugh C10 cirrhosis was referred to our center for pretransplantation imaging screening. Initial blood tests revealed moderate hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis, with an elevated serum bilirubin level at 139 mmol/L (normal range, ≤17). Doppler ultrasonography confirmed features of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and showed pseudocystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts. MRCP, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was then performed and demonstrated small cysts on both sides of the portal veins, which did not communicate with the bile ducts. There was no evidence of obstructive jaundice. Such magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with the diagnosis of peribiliary cysts (Fig. 1), secondarily confirmed on the liver explant (Fig. 2). Peribiliary cysts were first described in 1984 by Nakanuma et al.1 as serous cysts involving the hepatic hilum and large portal tracts without communication with the biliary tree. The cystic wall is composed of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelium.

2 The authors previously reported that clusters of pancreatic aci

2 The authors previously reported that clusters of pancreatic acinar cells are present in normal adult livers.3 The ductal plate is a double-layered cylindrical structure located in the periportal regions of the fetal liver (Fig. 1A).4-8 The ductal plate undergoes remodeling (Fig. 1B,C),

leading to the normal cholangiocytes and intrahepatic peribiliary glands.4-8 The remodeling involves apoptosis and cell proliferation of the ductal plate. Several molecules, such as glycoconjugates, Levis y, Bcl-2, C-myc, tenascin, matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, trypsin, pancreatic digestive enzymes, E-cadherin, and catenin, are involved in the process of ductal plate remodeling.2-10 Pancreatic acinar cell click here clusters develop

from the remodeling ductal plate.4, 8 The authors again reviewed 42 fetal livers of various gestational ages and Caspase inhibitor 32 postnatal livers, and observed that intrahepatic peribiliary glands developed from the remodeling ductal plate at 35 to 40 gestational weeks for fetal livers as well as in the infant livers. The authors also found that pancreatic acinar cells developed from remodeling and remodeled ductal plate at 38 to 40 gestational weeks for fetal livers (Fig. 1D) as well as infant livers of 1 to 3 months (Fig. 1E). Immunohistochemically, the pancreatic acinar cells contained pancreatic amylase,

trypsinogen, and lipase. Tadashi Terada M.D., learn more Ph.D.*, * Department of Pathology, Shizuoka City Shimizu Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan. “
“A 52-year-old man with a history of alcohol-induced, Child-Pugh C10 cirrhosis was referred to our center for pretransplantation imaging screening. Initial blood tests revealed moderate hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis, with an elevated serum bilirubin level at 139 mmol/L (normal range, ≤17). Doppler ultrasonography confirmed features of cirrhosis with portal hypertension and showed pseudocystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts. MRCP, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was then performed and demonstrated small cysts on both sides of the portal veins, which did not communicate with the bile ducts. There was no evidence of obstructive jaundice. Such magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with the diagnosis of peribiliary cysts (Fig. 1), secondarily confirmed on the liver explant (Fig. 2). Peribiliary cysts were first described in 1984 by Nakanuma et al.1 as serous cysts involving the hepatic hilum and large portal tracts without communication with the biliary tree. The cystic wall is composed of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelium.

Cyp27a1 directs bile salt synthesis toward CDCA Although express

Cyp27a1 directs bile salt synthesis toward CDCA. Although expression of Cyp27a1 was

increased check details in colesevelam-treated mice, this was not reflected in increased CDCA synthesis (Fig. 3C). Despite the fact that bile salt reabsorption was not completely abolished, expression levels of the FXR target gene Fgf15 were undetectable in distal ilea of colesevelam-treated lean and db/db mice (Fig. 3D). Cholesterol synthesis is massively increased in colesevelam-treated lean and db/db mice, and colesevelam treatment increased fecal cholesterol excretion (Fig. 4A). Together with a strongly increased synthesis of bile salts, this finding translates into an increased turnover of cholesterol. However, this did not result in reduced plasma concentrations or hepatic contents of cholesterol (Fig. 4B,C). Increased hepatic expression of HmgCoAr, encoding the rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and of Ldlr (Fig. 4D) indicated the anticipated hepatic compensatory response in cholesterol metabolism after colesevelam treatment. To

quantify this, the fraction of newly synthesized cholesterol was determined by analysis of the incorporation of [1-13C]-acetate into plasma cholesterol. Fractional learn more cholesterol synthesis was indeed robustly increased in colesevelam-treated mice (Fig. 4E). Both colesevelam-treated lean and

db/db mice had modestly increased (lean +50%, db/db +23%) hepatic TG contents compared with untreated controls (Table 1). Remarkably, fat accumulated primarily in periportal areas upon bile salt sequestration (Fig. 5A,B). Increased hepatic expression of key lipogenic genes (Srebp1c, Acc1, Fas, and Scd1) (Fig. 5C) was highly suggestive of enhanced synthesis of fatty acids. Indeed, the total fractions of newly synthesized C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1, as determined by incorporation of [1-13C]-acetate followed by mass isotopomer distribution analysis, confirmed that synthesis of these major hepatic fatty acid species was increased. Additionally, we calculated the contribution of de novo synthesis and chain elongation to the total fractional C18:0 and C18:1 this website synthesis.28 The increased total fraction of newly synthesized fatty acids was mainly attributable to increased chain elongation in colesevelam-treated lean and db/db mice (Fig. 5D). Bile salt–mediated changes in expression of one of the major regulators of lipogenesis, Srebp1c, have been reported to be regulated by both FXR- and LXRα-regulated pathways.17 Surprisingly, expression levels of well-defined FXR and LXRα target genes were differentially or not at all affected in colesevelam-treated lean and db/db mice (Supporting Figs. 3 and 4).

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed aneurysm

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed aneurysmal dilatation of hepatic vessels in the hilum of the liver as well as radiological contrast in a mildly dilated bile duct (Figure 1). Because of the possibility of an hepatic artery aneurysm, hepatic angiography was performed and revealed several aneurysms in the liver hilum (Figure 2a). The aneurysms involved the main hepatic artery, middle hepatic artery (white arrow) and left hepatic artery (black arrow). The aneurysms were initially embolized with five thrombogenic coils but there was still passage

of some contrast into the bile duct (arrow, Figure 2b). Bleeding subsequently ceased after 1 ml of diluted N-butyl cyanoacrylate was injected into the area. CT-angiography after 3 months showed segmental ischemic changes in the left lobe of the liver

but there were no hepatic aneurysms or aneurysms involving the renal arteries. Common causes for hepatic artery aneurysms Ivacaftor include trauma, infections and atherosclerosis. However, in the above patient, we have attributed hepatic Wnt inhibitor artery aneurysms to fibro-muscular dysplasia. This is a rare disease characterized by aneurysmal dilatations in medium-sized arteries, sometimes creating a ‘string of beads’. The renal and the internal carotid arteries are the most frequently affected but other arteries can also be involved including the hepatic artery. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of involvement of the hepatic artery without the renal artery. Fibro-muscular dysplasia is more common in women than in men and presents in a variety of different ways depending on the location of the aneurysms. There are at least three previous cases where the presenting symptom was hemobilia. One of these was successfully treated by transcatheter arterial embolization. An alternative therapy is surgical ligation of the hepatic artery. “
“A 46-year old woman presented to our hospital with abdominal pain, diarrhea and bloody stools. She had no previous clinical history of asthma, diabetes, connective selleck tissue diseases, endoscopic examinations and surgery. Laboratory and abdominal ultrasound examination

revealed no abnormalities. Barium enema disclosed multiple round filling defects with smooth margins in the sigmoid and descending colon. Further colonoscopy evaluation showed multiple sessile soft, polypoid lesions with normal overlying mucosa. The results of histopathological examination were nonspecific and inconclusive. The patient underwent multidetector computer tomography (MDCT) examination in order to determine the nature and extent of detected polypoid lesions. Multiplanar reformation images with a lung window setting (Figure 1) showed numerous air filled cysts within the wall of sigmoid and ascending colon. Virtual CT colonoscopy (Figure 2) also revealed multiple gas cysts. MDCT findings were consistent with the diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI).

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed aneurysm

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan showed aneurysmal dilatation of hepatic vessels in the hilum of the liver as well as radiological contrast in a mildly dilated bile duct (Figure 1). Because of the possibility of an hepatic artery aneurysm, hepatic angiography was performed and revealed several aneurysms in the liver hilum (Figure 2a). The aneurysms involved the main hepatic artery, middle hepatic artery (white arrow) and left hepatic artery (black arrow). The aneurysms were initially embolized with five thrombogenic coils but there was still passage

of some contrast into the bile duct (arrow, Figure 2b). Bleeding subsequently ceased after 1 ml of diluted N-butyl cyanoacrylate was injected into the area. CT-angiography after 3 months showed segmental ischemic changes in the left lobe of the liver

but there were no hepatic aneurysms or aneurysms involving the renal arteries. Common causes for hepatic artery aneurysms FDA-approved Drug Library include trauma, infections and atherosclerosis. However, in the above patient, we have attributed hepatic DMXAA ic50 artery aneurysms to fibro-muscular dysplasia. This is a rare disease characterized by aneurysmal dilatations in medium-sized arteries, sometimes creating a ‘string of beads’. The renal and the internal carotid arteries are the most frequently affected but other arteries can also be involved including the hepatic artery. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of involvement of the hepatic artery without the renal artery. Fibro-muscular dysplasia is more common in women than in men and presents in a variety of different ways depending on the location of the aneurysms. There are at least three previous cases where the presenting symptom was hemobilia. One of these was successfully treated by transcatheter arterial embolization. An alternative therapy is surgical ligation of the hepatic artery. “
“A 46-year old woman presented to our hospital with abdominal pain, diarrhea and bloody stools. She had no previous clinical history of asthma, diabetes, connective see more tissue diseases, endoscopic examinations and surgery. Laboratory and abdominal ultrasound examination

revealed no abnormalities. Barium enema disclosed multiple round filling defects with smooth margins in the sigmoid and descending colon. Further colonoscopy evaluation showed multiple sessile soft, polypoid lesions with normal overlying mucosa. The results of histopathological examination were nonspecific and inconclusive. The patient underwent multidetector computer tomography (MDCT) examination in order to determine the nature and extent of detected polypoid lesions. Multiplanar reformation images with a lung window setting (Figure 1) showed numerous air filled cysts within the wall of sigmoid and ascending colon. Virtual CT colonoscopy (Figure 2) also revealed multiple gas cysts. MDCT findings were consistent with the diagnosis of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI).

The frequency of haemarthrosis and range of joint mobility were e

The frequency of haemarthrosis and range of joint mobility were evaluated before and after of treatment. The results were analysed with Student t-test and descriptive statistics. Thirty-four joints were treated, including 20 knees (58.8%), eight elbows (23.5%) and Tanespimycin chemical structure six ankles (17.6%). Median follow-up was 46.3 months (range 12–71 months). The frequency of haemarthrosis was recorded before treatment 47.3 year−1 (range 12–96, P < 0.0001) and decreased to 3.5 year−1 (range 0–15, P = 0.0119) after treatment. The range of joint motion in flexion–extension before treatment was

84.9°, while after this was 97.5° (P = 0.0119). The synoviorthesis with oxytetracycline has shown a favourable effect in the treatment of chronic haemophilic synovitis in reducing the frequency of haemarthrosis and improvement was observed consistently in the range of motion. “
“Summary.  Hemophilia A and B are traditionally thought of as a single bleeding disorder, viewed as opposite sides of the same coin. Yet the differences between the 2 forms of congenital hemophilia extend far beyond the type of deficient clotting factor—factor VIII for hemophilia A and factor IX (FIX) for hemophilia B. This supplement focuses on the unique laboratory and clinical issues associated with FIX replacement

therapy for children and adults with hemophilia B. “
“Adolescence is a time of many AZD3965 concentration behavioral and developmental changes taking place simultaneously but at different paces within each individual. New brain research has shown connections between brain development and adolescent behavior such as increased novelty seeking and increased risk taking. Young teenagers need to move toward independence and for people with hemophilia this includes achieving

self-management, maintaining adherence to therapy, and coping with the impact of hemophilia on lifestyle. Poor compliance with hemophilia may result in serious and recurrent bleeding episodes with impact on future outcomes. Arranging efficient and caring selleck chemical transfer for adolescents from pediatric to adult care is one of the great challenges facing pediatrics. There are few professional guidelines addressing this issue but transition may be facilitated by seeing adolescents independently (without parents), using transition protocols and organizing joint consultations between pediatric and adult services. “
“This chapter contains section titles: Reproductive Options for Hemophilia A Carriers* Mild Hemophilia A with Discrepant FVIII Activity Levels “
“Summary.  Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder, resulting in a wide range of bleeding manifestations, from asymptomatic bleeding to injury-related bleeding.