The external quantum efficiency of a wavelength converter with emitting surfaces having such extraction features showed a twofold increase compared to a wavelength converter without extraction features. While demonstrated here using semiconductor wavelength learn more converters, this approach could also be applied to light extraction in conventional LED structures. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:

10.1063/1.3524024]“
“Polyethylene glycol nanofluids containing carbon coated Cu (Al, Fe) nanoparticles with core-shell structure are prepared in this paper. High efficiency on heat transfer is achieved by collaborative effect between nanocarbon and metal nanoparticles. The results show that the thermal conductivity of nanofluid is relevant to the type of filler and increases with the increasing of filler loading. An 27% enhancement in thermal conductivity is observed by adding only 0.5 wt % of carbon coated Cu nanoparticles in polyethylene glycol, and 49%, 40%, and 30% enhancement in thermal conductivity for carbon coated Cu, Al, and Fe nanoparticles loading of 1.5 wt %, respectively. The carbon coated metal nanofluid exhibit better stability after 14 days and no obvious sedimentation is observed. Compared with carbon coated Al and Fe nanoparticles, carbon coated Cu nanoparticles nanofluids have the best stability and dispersibility and can buy VX-661 efficiently enhance the thermal conductivity of base

fluid. Moreover, nanofluids stabilities are different when nanofluids were dispersed by three ways. Nanofluids dispersed by ball milling way possess the best stability, followed by nanofluids dispersed by ultrasonic dispersion way and magnetic stirring way. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3486488]“
“Objective: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, has been reported to raise seizure thresholds. The purpose of the present study was to test the acute anticonvulsant effects of unesterified DHA in rats, using the maximal pentylenetetrazol

(PTZ) seizure model, and Selleckchem AZD1480 also to examine DHA incorporation and distribution into blood serum total lipids and brain phospholipids and unesterified fatty acids. Sedation was measured to monitor for the potential toxicity of DHA.

Methods: Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of saline, oleic acid (OA), or DHA. An initial pilot study (Experiment 1) established 400 mg/kg as an effective dose of DHA in the maximal PTZ seizure test. A subsequent time-response study, using 400 mg/kg (Experiment 2), established 1 hour as an effective postinjection interval for administering DHA subcutaneously. A final study (Experiment 3) comprised two different groups. The first group (“”seizure-tested rats”") received saline, OA, or DHA (400 mg/kg) subcutaneously, and were seizure tested in the maximal PTZ test 1 hour later to confirm the seizure latency measurements at that time.

Association between ketamine and peri-procedural complications was tested.

Results: Sixty-eight children (median age 7.3 year, median weight 22 kg) underwent 192 procedures. Severity of PAH was mild (23%), moderate (37%), and severe (40%). Procedures undertaken were major surgery (n = 20), minor surgery (n = 27), cardiac catheterization (n = 1.28)

and nonsurgical procedures (n = 17). Ketamine was administered during 149 procedures. Twenty minor and nine major complications were noted. Incidence of cardiac arrest was 0.78% for cardiac catheterization procedures, 10% for major surgical procedures and 1.6% for all procedures. There was no procedure-related mortality. Ketamine administration was not associated with increased complications.

Conclusions: Ketamine appears to be a safe anesthetic option for children ERK inhibitor research buy with PAH. We report rates for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mortality that are more favorable than those previously reported.”
“BACKGROUND: There is limited information on Chinese patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treated with a linezolid-containing regimen.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine treatment outcomes among MDR-TB patients who Prexasertib manufacturer were treated with linezolid at the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, China. DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed 151 patients who were treated for MDR-TB from 2007 to 2010.

RESULTS: Eighteen MDR-TB patients, including 15 with extensively drug-resistant TB, received linezolid as part of their individualised treatment regimens. Patients had isolates resistant to a median of 7 drugs (range 5-11). Of the 18 cases, 17 had cavitary changes and positive sputum smear microscopy results at the time of MDR-TB diagnosis. Culture conversion occurred in all cases at a median of 7 weeks. At data censure, 9 of the 18 patients had achieved treatment success. Three continued to receive treatment. Evofosfamide There were no deaths.

Six patients had a poor outcome, including 1 default, 2 treatment failures and 3 relapses. Side effects occurred in 17 patients, including myelosuppression, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse events. Adverse events were managed by combinations of temporary suspension of linezolid in 1 patient, dose adjustment in 17 patients and symptom management in 13 patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Linezolid may have efficacy in the treatment of MDR-TB, although treatment was complicated by adverse events.”
“At present, most spinal surgeons undertake pedicle screw implantation using either anatomical landmarks or C-arm fluoroscopy. Reported rates of screw malposition using these techniques vary considerably, though the evidence generally favors the use of image-guidance systems. A miniature spine-mounted robot has recently been developed to further improve the accuracy of pedicle screw placement. In this systematic review, we critically appraise the perceived benefits of robot-assisted pedicle screw placement compared to conventional fluoroscopy-guided technique.

Further testing confirmed the organism as Weissella confusa 2 days later. W. confusa is a gram-positive coccobacillus that may be misidentified as a Lactobacillus when cultured. It is commonly found in sewage, carrots, sugar cane, fermented foods, and intestinal Selleckchem ABT 737 flora. Although only

4 cases of clinical infection with W. confusa have been described previously, W. confusa has been isolated from the stool of liver transplant patients, and may be an underreported cause of infection owing to improper identification. As it can cause clinical infection in these immunosuppressed hosts, identification of this organism is paramount because it is vancomycin resistant, and incorrect identification could lead to improper antimicrobial selection and ultimately worsened patient morbidity or mortality.”
“Few literature data are available on the antioxidants of Salvia verbenaca, Salvia aegyptiaca and Salvia argentea. Such lack of information prevents exploitation of these potential pool of compounds with strong antioxidant activity. So, in the present BIBF 1120 supplier study, phenolic contents and compositions and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of four

Salvia species, growing in various habitats, were determined. The total phenolic contents estimated spectrophotometrically ranged from (67.67-72.02 mg GAE/g DW) for S. argentea extracts to (112.93-161.37 mg GAE/g DW) for Salvia officinalis samples. The HPLC analysis detected the presence of several phenolic acids, particularly the caffeic acid derivatives along with flavonoids and phenolic diterpenes. Rosmarinic acid was found to be the most abundant compound in all analyzed extracts and showed its highest values in S. officinalis samples (13,680.22-18,378.00 mu g/g DW). Varying degrees of antioxidant and radical-scavenging efficacity of different sage extracts were illustrated. S. officinalis methanolic extracts had the strongest antioxidant capacity as evaluated by DPPH (10.08-3.37

mu g/mL), ABTS (644.85-766.30 mu M TE/mg) and FRAP (178.65-197.33 mM Fe(II)/mg) assays. Significant correlations between total phenolics, Blebbistatin research buy the most representative phenolic compounds, particularly rosmarinic acid and the antioxidant assays were verified. Variations of total phenolic contents and compositions and antioxidant activities between Salvia samples grown at different regions were significant. Salvias aerial part extracts could be valuable as an effective and safe source of functional food materials such as natural antioxidants. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Knowledge of tuberculosis among patients with the disease is crucial for early disease recognition, patients’ full cooperation during the treatment, and prevention of future relapses.

Conclusions: Results indicate that myopotential noise generated by performing maneuvers has a demonstrable impact on AER sensing. Therefore, noise mitigation processes are necessary in atrial automatic pacing capture verification algorithms based on evoked response signals

to identify and appropriately manage noise. (PACE 2011; 34:460-466).”
“Nanograins of gold-embedded in indium oxide thin films were fabricated by vacuum evaporation on silicon substrate. The gold concentrations were 3, 5, and 7 at. % as measured by x-ray fluorescence method. The x-ray diffraction results reveal that pure gold was crystallized into nanograins embedded in the indium oxide medium. The nonlinear optical properties of films on silicon substrate were investigated SB202190 by reflection z-scan technique, using cw laser at 514 nm. Measurements of nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient on these films are reported and the mechanism responsible for the process of optical nonlinearities is discussed. (c) 2010 American

Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3524281]“
“Methods: In 131 CRT patients, the LV lead was positioned preferentially in a lateral or posterolateral vein and the RV lead to either the RV septum (RVS, n = 55) or RV apex (RVA, n = 76). The latest site of contraction was determined with two-dimensional speckle tracking radial strain imaging and patients had a concordant LV lead position if pacing the ZD1839 ic50 latest segment, and discordant if not. Response was defined as >= 15% reduction

in LV end systolic volume (LVESV) at 6-month follow-up.

Results: There were no significant differences in mean reduction of LVESV at follow-up (RVS vs RVA: -23.3 +/- 16% vs 22.1 +/- 18%, P = 0.70) or rate of responders (58.2% vs 57.9%, P = 0.97) between the two groups. In patients with a concordant LV lead (n = 71), the response rate was significantly higher than those with a discordant lead (76.1% vs 36.7%, P < 0.001). There were no differences in outcomes in patients with a concordant or discordant LV lead according to the RV lead location.

Conclusion: The extent of LV reverse remodeling following CRT is not related to the RV lead position, but is significantly higher in patients with a concordant LV lead. (PACE AZD7762 purchase 2011; 34:467-474).”
“In recent years, the femtosecond laser technique has emerged as an effective tool for defect mending, especially for fault repairs of the conducting wire in three-dimensional integrated circuits. However, the nanodefect mending mechanism subjected to photothermal and mechanical stress introduced by ultrafast laser dynamics is still not well understood so far. In this paper, the microscopic dislocation behaviors of the lattice mending of metallic nanopore defects induced by femtosecond laser is presented using a modified continuum-atomistic modeling approach and the quantitative dislocation-based analysis.

Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk of mortality according to CAC category adjusted for age, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and sex. The same analysis to determine the hazard ratio for survival from cardiac death was performed DZNeP price by using Cox regression analysis.

Results: The rate of cardiovascular deaths increased with an increasing CAC score and was 1.2% (43 of 3573 subjects) for a score of 0, 1.8% (66

of 3569 subjects) for a score of 1-3, 5.0% (51 of 1015 subjects) for a score of 4-6, and 5.3% (33 of 625 subjects) for a score of 7-12. With use of subjects with a CAC score of 0 as the reference group, a CAC score of at least 4 was a significant predictor of cardiovascular death (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 3.3, 6.8; P < .0001); when adjusted for sex, age, and pack-years of smoking, the CAC score remained significant (OR, 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.1; P = .0002).

Conclusion: Visual assessment of CAC on low-dose CT scans provides

Selleck Linsitinib clinically relevant quantitative information as to cardiovascular death. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Antiangiogenic treatment has recently become an integral part of modern cancer therapy targeting the vasculature of numerous aggressive malignancies including glioblastoma. There is preclinical evidence that antiangiogenic therapies promote glioma cell invasiveness. In clinical series, upon progression on antiangiogenic therapy with the vascular endothelial growth factor-directed antibody bevacizumab (BEV), glioblastoma has been reported to display a more infiltrative pattern of recurrence. This distant spread at recurrence or progression and a gliomatosis cerebri-like growth pattern is best detectable on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. The frequency of up to 20% to 30% of such a pattern in BEV-treated

patients is higher than expected to occur without BEV. Older reports and common clinical knowledge estimate the frequency of Selleck Dinaciclib diffuse or distant spread in recurrent glioblastoma at 10%. This observation stimulated two streams of research. One is to overcome this often insidious adverse effect of antiangiogenic treatment, to optimize antiangiogenic therapies and to face this major challenge, integrating antiangiogenic with anti-invasive mechanisms into one combined treatment concept. The second is questioning a specific property of antiangiogenic therapy to induce diffuse or distant spread. Here, alternative hypotheses of increased awareness and better imaging as well as invasiveness being part of the natural course of the disease have been tested. Without doubt, migration and invasiveness are major obstacles to successful glioma therapy, notably local therapies, both in the natural course of the disease and in the concept of “”evasive resistance.

Results: Sample size was 684 (response rate-67.9%), mean age was 37.1 +/- 5.9 years and 36.0% were males. Mean duration of diabetes was 5.2 +/- 4.0 years. Previous retinal screening selleckchem had been done in 51.0% by a non-specialist doctor and in 41.5% by a consultant ophthalmologist. Rate of any degree of DR in the study population was 18.1% (Males 16.4%, Females 20.0%; P = NS). In patients with DR, majority had mild Non-Proliferative DR (NPDR) (57.2%), while 32.2% had moderate NPDR,

0.8% had severe NPDR and 9.7% had maculopathy. Mean age, duration of diabetes, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), FBG, HbA1c and urine microalbumin levels were significantly higher amongst the patients with DR. The results Selleckchem SRT1720 of the binary logistic regression indicate that

the duration of diabetes (OR: 1.24), HbA1c (OR: 1.19), age (OR: 1.11), urine Microalbumin (OR: 1.11) and DBP (OR: 1.04) all were significantly associated with DR.

Conclusions: In this large multi center study, nearly one in five adults with young-onset diabetes was found to have retinopathy. Age, duration of diabetes, HbA1C and urine Microalbumin levels were significantly associated with the presence of retinopathy, while HbA1c was also a significant factor determining severity. Nearly 50% of the study population has never undergone retinal screening by an ophthalmologist, highlighting the need for well organized screening programs.”
“In this work, dilute sulphuric acid prehydrolysis of residual empty pods of Moringa oleifera fruits was investigated as pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In experiments performed at 130-190 degrees C for 10-30 min, corresponding to a severity range between log R-0=1.9 and log R-0=4.2, the effect of pretreatment conditions on the recovery of polysaccharides and on the enzymatic convertibility of cellulose was evaluated. Overall cellulose

recovery was above 95% in the pretreatments performed at 130 and 160 degrees C, and between 87 and 90% in the pretreatments at 190 degrees C, while xylan recovery in the most severe pretreatments was only 24.7-50.2%. The highest sugar concentration in the acid prehydrolysates (15.0 LCL161 cost g/L) was obtained in the pretreatment performed at 160 degrees C and 20 min. The formation of degradation products was low at mild pretreatment conditions, but it increased with the severity. Furfural concentration reached 4.04 g/L at log R-0=3.1 and decreased again with a further increase of the pretreatment severity. HMF, formic acid and levulinic acid were formed only in the most severe pretreatments. The pretreatment was effective for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, and the highest conversion (84.3%) was achieved in the material pretreated at mid severity (log R-0=3.1). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was (sic)34 064 835 ($30 318) in Korea and NT$1 607 960 ($54 317) in Taiwan. The inputs tested in one-way sensitivity analyses had very little impact on the overall Salubrinal order cost effectiveness.

Conclusion: This analysis shows that BevCG is more costly but is also associated with additional life-years in Korea and Taiwan. The ICER per LYG suggests that BevCG is a cost-effective therapy when compared to CP for patients with advanced NSCLC in Korea and Taiwan.”
“Purpose: To determine whether diffusion-tensor (DT) imaging can demonstrate

microstructural white matter abnormalities of multiple system atrophy (MSA) and to correlate these imaging findings with clinical signs and symptoms.

Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval and written informed Selleckchem LEE011 consent were obtained. DT imaging was performed in 16 patients with MSA with predominant cerebellar symptoms (MSA-C) (mean age, 60.0 years +/- 5.1 [standard deviation]; range, 51-69 years) and 16 age-matched healthy subjects. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were compared voxel-by-voxel between the two groups by using a two-sample t test. Overlap maps were created

to illustrate areas with FA and MD alterations. Correlation between DT imaging indexes and Barthel index score, scale for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) score, severity of orthostatic hypotension, age of disease onset, and disease duration was tested by using Spearman rank or Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. T2-weighted and proton density-weighted images of the patients were visually assessed.

Results: Widespread

areas of FA reduction and MD elevation were observed in supra-and infratentorial white matter structures in patients with MSA (P < .05, false discovery rate corrected). Significant correlation (P < .01) between DT imaging indexes and Barthel index score, SARA score, severity of orthostatic hypotension, and disease duration was observed for multiple areas with FA and/or MD alterations. T2-weighted and proton density-weighted images showed no significant abnormality in supratentorial white matter.

Conclusion: DT imaging may help identify the microstructural white matter abnormalities of MSA-C. DT imaging may be useful for severity assessment click here of MSA-C. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“The structural, electronic, and mechanical properties as well as phase transitions under hydrostatic pressures have been investigated for six possible B2C2N2 structures, which are deduced from 3C-SiC unit cell. Our calculation results show that B2C2N2-1 with the maximum numbers of C-C and B-N bonds has the lowest total energy. The B2C2N2-1 is a large gap semiconductor with indirect band gap of 4.10 eV. The calculated elastic stiffness constants and phonon spectrum have confirmed its mechanical and dynamical stability.

Higher beta values in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8) and bone cells (B-lymphocytes) were observed in patients with low bowel toxicity (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.96, p = 0.002 for B-cells);

low rectal toxicity (HR = 0.96, p = 0.020; HR = 0.93, p = 0.05 for B and CD8 subpopulations respectively); low urinary toxicity (HR EPZ004777 cost = 0.93, p – 0.003 for B-cells) and low sexual toxicity (HR – 0.93, p – 0.010 for CD8-cells).

Conclusions: Radiation-induced CD8 T-lymphocytes and, for the first time, B-lymphocytes apoptosis can predict differences in late toxicity in cervical cancer patients.”
“Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of coronectomy for teeth whose root apices are very close to the inferior alveolar canal.

Patients and Methods: The 43 patients of this study needed removal of their lower third molar, whose root apices were very close to the inferior alveolar canal. These patients underwent 47 coronectomies.

Results: The mean follow-tip period was 9.3 months (range, 1

to 48 months). The mean total amount of root movement was 3.4 mm at 6 months, 3.8 mm at 12 months, and 4.0 mm at 24 months.

Conclusions: The technique of coronectomy is defined as removing the crown of a tooth but leaving the roots untouched, so that the possibility of nerve damage is reduced. Coronectomy is a preferable technique for patients who run a risk of Dorsomorphin mouse injury to the inferior alveolar nerve during third molar surgery. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1234-1238, 2009″
“The thermoacoustic response of carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films at frequencies ranging from 300 Hz up to 100 kHz has been studied in a variety of gaseous mediums. Theoretical derivations show that the sound pressure generated by CNT thin films Selleck Bioactive Compound Library is

approximately proportional to the inverse of the heat capacity of the gas within the audible frequency range of human hearing, which is consistent with the experimental results in argon, air, and helium. For large size CNT films, a decrease in sound pressure is observed within a higher frequency range in air, which is attributed to the destructive interference of sound waves in the near field zone according to the theoretical calculations. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3651374]“
“Purpose: This Study evaluated parapharyngeal-space (PPS) tumors in regard to clinical pathological features, preoperative assessment, Surgical approaches, perioperative complications, and patterns of recurrence.

Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with PPS tumors referred to the stomatological hospitals of Sichuan University and Xi’an Jiaotong University between 1990 and 2004.

The c-axis critical current density J(c)(c) has been recently found to be orders of magnitude lower than the ab-plane critical current density J(c)(ab). Here we report on J(c)(c) (77 K, sf) values of various YBa2Cu3O7-based (YBCO) tapes with different microstructures. Our results show that the value of J(c)(c) (77 K, sf) decreases significantly with increasing concentration of ab-plane stacking faults in YBCO thin films and that the critical current anisotropy gamma = J(c)(ab)/J(c)(c) can reach selleck chemicals values as high as 2070, implying that in the highest-anisotropy tape, similar to 20% of the

tape width carries c-axis current in a helically wound power cable. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3653292]“
“Polyurethanes with multiblock copolymers of poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol (PTMG) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a soft segment were synthesized in situ via reactive extrusion from ?-caprolactone (CL) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The titanium alkoxide mixture generated from an ester-exchange reaction between titanium propoxide [Ti(OPr)4], and excessive PTMG or PEG was used as an initiator and catalyst. Compared to the reported fabrication of polycaprolactone-based polyurethane (PCLU), the in situ reactive extrusion preparation not only explored a new rapid route for the fabrication

of PCLU but also offered a simplified, controllable approach for the production of PCLU in a successive mass scale. A series of PTMGPCLUs selleck products and Bromosporine datasheet PEGPCLUs with different PCL block-average degrees of polymerization (DPn’s) were prepared by only an adjustment of the relative concentration of CL in the reaction system, with a certain constant molar ratio of MDI to titanium alkoxide. 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography,

and differential scanning calorimetry results indicate that all of the CL monomers were converted in the polymerization, and the molecular weight of the copolymers was about 8 x 10(4) g/mol with a polydispersity index of approximate 2.4. With an increase in the PCL block-average DPn in PTMGPCLU from 25 to 40, the tensile strength increased from 16.5 to 22.7 MPa, and the melting point increased from 46.1 to 49.5 degrees C. It was also verified by PEGPCLU prepared with organic Ti of lowered content in the initiator mixture that the mechanical properties could be greatly affected and dropped with decreasing content of organic Ti in the initiator mixture. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“We propose that the cognitive mechanisms that enable the transmission of cultural knowledge by communication between individuals constitute a system of ‘natural pedagogy’ in humans, and represent an evolutionary adaptation along the hominin lineage. We discuss three kinds of arguments that support this hypothesis.

Secondary outcomes were click here pulmonary muscular assessment with maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP).

Results: No significant differences were observed between groups in maximum moment of isokinetic knee flexor/extensor testing force

in a concentric-concentric regime. In contrast, WBVTG patients showed a significant increase in the 6MWT (81.2 +/- 9.2) meters; mean +/- SD; P < 0.001). There was also a significant decrease in maximum oxygen desaturation in the 6MWT after 6 weeks of training (3.1 +/- 1.1; P = 0.01). There were significant differences between groups in MIP and MEP at the end of the study in favour of the WBVTG.

Conclusions: WBVT provided significant improvements in functional capacity in severe COPD patients without changes in muscular force.”
“Injectable calcium hydroxylapatite is becoming increasingly popular as a facial soft tissue filler, due in part to its purported longevity of esthetic correction compared with other materials, but little is known about its long-term histologic appearance and persistence in facial skin. We recently encountered calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres incidentally during Mohs surgery of the nasolabial fold 6 years after implantation.

To describe the long-term histologic appearance of calcium hydroxylapatite

microspheres in human facial skin and review the relevant literature with a consideration of clinical implications.

Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed

on frozen and Compound C manufacturer fixed excised tissue containing calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres. Additional fixed sections were stained using Movat’s pentachrome method.

Numerous 4- to 20-mu m round vacuoles were present throughout AZD5363 order the reticular dermis associated with focal fibrosis, interstitial mucin, and little surrounding inflammation.

Calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres and associated fibrosis may persist in facial dermis at least 6 years after implantation, long after its clinical effects are thought to subside. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists must be mindful of dermal implants because it is likely that incidental encounters will be an increasingly common occurrence.

The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.”
“This study reports the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP), which determined the crossover frequency (cof) of antibiotic-induced elongation of Escherichia coli (E.coli) with regard to the rapid antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). Different dielectric properties and elongation rates of E. coli are caused by various concentrations of cephalexin treatment. According to the authors’ results, significant changes in the cof of bacteria treated with 32 mu g/ml antibiotic for 60 min can be found by using a quadruple electrode array, and the results of DEP-based AST correspond with that of agar dilution method. Utilizing this approach could greatly reduce the period of bacteria growth, and obtain the minimum inhibition concentration of E.