Equilibrium dissociation constants for carbohydrate binding are known to vary from micromolar to millimolar, with weak interactions being far more prevalent; and individual carbohydrate-binding sites can be truly symmetrical or merely homologous, and hence, the affinities of individual sites within a single protein can vary, as can the order

of binding. Several factors, including the weak affinities BX-795 clinical trial with which glycans bind their protein receptors, the dynamic nature of the glycans themselves, and the nonequivalent interactions among oligomeric carbohydrate receptors, have made nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) an especially powerful tool for studying and defining carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here, we describe those NMR approaches that have proven to be the most robust in characterizing these systems, and explain what type of information can (or cannot) be obtained from each. Our goal is to provide the reader the information necessary for selecting the correct experiment or sets of experiments to characterize their carbohydrate-protein interaction of interest. Published (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Esophageal cancer (EC) is among the 10 most common and fatal malignacies in the world, presenting a marked geographic variation in incidence rates between

and within different countries. The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is highly mutated in esophageal tumors and its mutation pattern can offer clues to the etiopathology of the tumor. As Brazil presents one of the highest incidence areas in the West, MX69 solubility dmso a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to EC development in the LY3023414 in vivo Brazilian population is needed. We analyzed the mutation profile of 110 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) of patients from Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo) and collected data regarding alcohol intake and tobacco smoking. We detected 41 mutations in tumor samples from 38 patients. There was no association between mutation frequency and tobacco smoking or

alcohol drinking. The most frequently mutated codons were 179, 214, 220 and 248. Codons 179. 220 and 248 are hot-spots for ESCC, but codon 214 presents only 0.7% of the mutations registered in the IARC database. The mutation profile revealed a high percentage of mutations at A:T base pairs (34.1%) followed by deletions (17.1%). We concluded that the mutation profile detected in this study is different from that of patients from Southern Brazil but very similar to that previously seen in French patients, being characterized by a high frequency of mutations at A:T base pairs, which may be associated with acetalclehyde, the metabolic product of ethanol. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified robust susceptibility loci associated with COPD.

Cr-ZSM-5 catalyst characterization by chemical

analysis, XRD, FTIR, N(2) physisorption, (27)Al MAS NMR, TEM/EDX, UV-visible DRS, XPS, Raman and DRIFT spectroscopies and H(2)-TPR is reported. From textural analysis, it is obvious, after chromium exchange, that a decrease of S(BET) and of porous volume is observed. On the other hand, FTIR. XRD and (27)Al MAS NMR results show that there is no collapse of the parent zeolite during thermal treatment. From H2-TPR, DRS, Raman and XPS spectroscopies, it is concluded that Cr ions and Cr(III) oxide coexist. TEM/EDX results confirmed that chromium oxide species are either heterogeneously or homogeneously dispersed on the support, depending Raf tumor on the nature of the precursor. DRIFT showed that chromium exchange leads strictly to the consumption of Si-O(+)H-Al groups. The catalyst prepared from chromium chloride showed higher activity and selectivity towards SIS3 mw acetonitrile, being this catalytic modification probably due to the differentiated nature of chromium species formed using this precursor. A similarity with Fe-ZSM-5 system is underlined. In fact, higher oxidation states of chromium species are required for ethylene ammoxidation,

while Cr(2)O(3) clusters seem to enhance the hydrocarbon oxidation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To examine factors that affect the utilization of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services among heterosexual populations in Canada and the UK.\n\nMethods: We conducted an integrated review of published and unpublished literature (1996-September 2010) using Scopus, OVID-EMBASE, CSA illumina, CINHAL, PROQuest, Web of Science, and Google.\n\nResults: Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified and categorized the key factors into three broad categories depending on their source. Personal-related factors included socio-demographic characteristics, risk perception, illness, HIV-related stigma, level of HIV and testing knowledge, and culture.

Provider-related factors included provider-recommended GDC-0973 HIV testing, provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate services, and doctor-patient relationship. System-related factors included integrating HIV testing with other health care services, anonymity of testing services, suitability of testing venues, technical aspects of HIV testing, and funding for immigrant health services.\n\nConclusion: The findings from our review indicate that HTC behaviors of heterosexuals in the Canada and the UK are likely influenced by several unchangeable (socio-demographic characteristics) and amenable factors. There is need to step-up research to confirm whether these associations are causal using stronger research designs.\n\nPractical implication: We have made several recommendations that could be used to improve existing services in Canada. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

PKM2-dependent beta-catenin transactivation is instrumental in EGFR-promoted tumour cell proliferation and brain tumour development. In addition, positive correlations have been identified between c-Src activity, beta-catenin Y333 phosphorylation and PKM2 nuclear accumulation in human glioblastoma specimens. Furthermore, levels of beta-catenin phosphorylation and nuclear PKM2 have been correlated with grades of glioma malignancy and prognosis. These findings reveal that EGF induces beta-catenin transactivation via a mechanism distinct from that induced by Wnt/Wingless(4) and highlight the essential non-metabolic functions of PKM2 in EGFR-promoted

beta-catenin transactivation, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.”
“Extensive use of organophosphorous pesticides (OP) by young men represents a public health problem. Toxicity of OP mainly results in neurotoxicity due to their oxygen analogues GSK2126458 nmr Go 6983 mouse (oxons), formed during the OP oxidative activation. OP alter semen quality and sperm chromatin and DNA

at different stages of spermatogenesis. Oxons are more toxic than the parent compounds; however, their toxicity to spermatogenic cells has not been reported. We evaluated sperm DNA damage by several OP compounds and their oxons in human spermatozoa from healthy volunteers incubated with 50-750 mu M of methyl-parathion (MePA), methyl-paraoxon (MePO), chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), diazinon (DZN) or diazoxon (DZO). All concentrations were not cytotoxic (evaluated by eosin-Y exclusion), except 750

p,]VI MePO. Oxons were 15% to 10 times more toxic to sperm DNA(evaluated by the SCSA parameter, %DFI) than their corresponding parent compounds, at the following order: MePO > CPO = MePA > CPF > DZO > DZN, suggesting that oxon metabolites participate in OP sperm genotoxicity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“During protein synthesis, tRNAs and mRNA move through the ribosome between mTOR inhibitor aminoacyl (A), peptidyl (P), and exit (E) sites of the ribosome in a process called translocation. Translocation is accompanied by the displacement of the tRNAs on the large ribosomal subunit toward the hybrid A/P and P/E states and by a rotational movement (ratchet) of the ribosomal subunits relative to one another. So far, the structure of the ratcheted state has been observed only when translation factors were bound to the ribosome. Using cryo-electron microscopy and classification, we show here that ribosomes can spontaneously adopt a ratcheted conformation with tRNAs in their hybrid states. The peptidyl-tRNA molecule in the A/P state, which is visualized here, is not distorted compared with the A/A state except for slight adjustments of its acceptor end, suggesting that the displacement of the A-site tRNA on the SOS subunit is passive and is induced by the 30S subunit rotation.

Thereafter, MT2 immunoreactivity in neurons was increased. In the PM 18 and 24 groups, MT2 immunoreactivity in neurons was strong in all subregions of the gerbil hippocampus. In addition, the number of MT2 immunoreactive cells was lowest at PM 3 and highest at PM 24. From western blot analysis, age-dependent change pattern in MT2 level in the gerbil hippocampus was similar to the immunohistochemical result. These results indicate that MT2 immunoreactivity and levels are altered in the gerbil hippocampus during normal aging; lowest at young adult NVP-LDE225 mw stage and highest at aged stage.”
“In order to study the hydrolytic characterization of an anti-inflammatory prodrug (RD-1) in vitro, a simple, specific, precise and accurate

method for the simultaneous determination of prodrug and its two hydrolytic active compounds was development using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chromatographic separation was performed on an ODS-2 C-18

column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5.0 mu m particle size) with a simple elution programme. The mobile phase was methanol-0.1%phosphoric acid solution (adjusted pH to 2.3) (80:20, v/v); wavelength of 257 nm and mobile phase flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was utilized for the quantitative analysis. Excellent linear behaviors over the investigated concentration ranges were observed with the values of R-2 higher than 0.999 for all the analytes. The validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of prodrug and its active components.”
“Hybrid imaging buy Sapitinib using selleck chemicals PET in conjunction with CT-based coronary angiography (PET/CTCA) enables near-simultaneous quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and anatomical evaluation of coronary arteries. CTCA is an excellent imaging modality to rule out obstructive coronary

artery disease (CAD), but functional assessment is warranted in the presence of a CTCA-observed stenosis because the specificity of CTCA is relatively low. Quantitative (H2O)-O-15 PET/CTCA may yield complementary information and enhance diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative (H2O)-O-15 PET/CTCA in a clinical cohort of patients with suspected CAD who underwent both cardiac (H2O)-O-15 PET/CTCA and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). In addition, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy of hyperemic MBF versus coronary flow reserve (CFR). Methods: Patients (n = 120; mean age +/- SD, 61 +/- 10 y; 77 men and 43 women) with a predominantly intermediate pretest likelihood for CAD underwent both quantitative (H2O)-O-15 PET/CTCA and ICA. A >= 50% stenosis at ICA or a fractional flow reserve <= 0.80 was considered significant. Results: Obstructive CAD was diagnosed in 49 of 120 patients (41%). The diagnostic accuracy of hyperemic MBF was significantly higher than CFR (80% vs. 68%, respectively, P = 0.02), with optimal cutoff values of 1.

Susceptibility tests were performed using the microdilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. MICs were determined in triplicate by E-test according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Susceptible click here and multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) strains were detected using CHROMagar Acinetobacter medium. Carbapenem resistant A. baumannii was investigated for carbapenemase production by the modified Hodge test (MHT) and by multiplex PCR. A Synergy test was performed using the E-test method. Results: Considering years 2006, 2009 and 2012, the susceptibilities

to meropenem and imipenem were 64-81.2%, 34.5-45.3%, and 8.3-11%, respectively. Concerning the 12 XDRAB strains, all isolates were susceptible to colistin and resistant to meropenem and imipenem. Culture on CHROMagar Acinetobacter confirmed that all are MDRAB. The gene profiles detected in PCR assays showed that all the strains possess OXA-51. Out of the 12 isolates, 11 possess the oxa-23 gene and one harbours the gene 24/40. A good synergistic effect was detected between colistin and tigecycline. Conclusions: In this study, A. baumannii susceptibility to carbapenems showed a drastic reduction JQ1 and represents a major epidemiological

concern. The main carbapenem resistance mechanism is mediated by class D-OXA-type enzymes (oxa-23 and oxa-24/40) with Carbapenemase activity. Therapeutic options are exceedingly limited, relying on polymyxin combinations with other antibiotics. We are clearly missing new active agents against XDRAB.”
“Vector-borne pathogens regulate their protein expression profiles, producing factors during host infection that differ from those produced during vector colonization. The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdotferi, produces Erp surface proteins throughout mammalian infection and represses their synthesis during colonization of vector ticks. Known functions of Erp proteins include binding of host laminin, plasmin(ogen), and regulators of complement activation. A DNA region immediately 5′ of erp operons, the erp operator, is required

A-1210477 manufacturer for transcriptional regulation. The B. burgdorferi BpaB and EbfC proteins exhibit high in vitro affinities for erp operator DNA. In the present studies, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) demonstrated that both proteins bind erp operator DNA in vivo. Additionally, a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods demonstrated that BpaB functions as a repressor of erp transcription, while EbfC functions as an antirepressor.”
“Angiogenesis is a highly organized process controlled by a series of molecular events. While much effort has been devoted to identifying angiogenic factors and their reciprocal receptors, far less information is available on the molecular mechanisms underlying directed endothelial cell migration.

“
“Little is known about the distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, phylum Glomeromycota) in the Turkish arable soils. In this study, we investigated AM fungal phylotype composition in the roots of 13 different plant samples from one site each of the East Black Sea, Mediterranean, and Central Anatolian regions of Turkey. Fifty-seven distinguished operational taxonomic units at 97% nucleotide

sequence identity were recorded among 424 partial sequences of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) RNA genes determined. Most of the new sequences were clustered within 10 well-resolved phyloclades of the order Glomerales. About half of the newly determined sequences lacked similar sequences in the public databases. In particular, all sequences from Camellia sinensis collected in the East Black Sea region had only 83-97% ARRY-470 sequence similarity to known AMF species. The findings suggest that novel and endemic AMF species may exist in Turkish agricultural soils. The AM fungal community composition in the East Black Sea region was relatively simple and completely differed from those in the

other two regions, presumably due to the low soil pH and host specificity. The AM fungal community compositions of the Mediterranean and Central Anatolian samples were broadly similar; however, some sequences related to Rhizophagus were found only in the Mediterranean samples. This reflects the trend that more diverse AM fungal communities are established in the Mediterranean region than the Central Anatolian AZD8055 price region.”
“Inheritance studies and molecular mapping identified a single dominant gene GDC-0994 order that conditions seed coat impermeability in soybean PI 594619. High temperatures during seed fill increase the occurrence of soybeans with impermeable seed coat, which is associated with non-uniform and delayed germination and emergence. This can be an issue in soybean production areas with excessively high-temperature environments. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the inheritance of impermeable seed coat under a high-temperature

environment in the midsouthern United States and to map the gene(s) that affect this trait in a germplasm line with impermeable seed coat (PI 594619). Crosses were made between PI 594619 and an accession with permeable seed coat at Stoneville, MS in 2008. The parental lines and the segregating populations from reciprocal crosses were grown in Stoneville in 2009. Ninety-nine F-2:3 families and parents were also grown at Stoneville, MS in 2011. Seeds were assayed for percent impermeable seed coat using the standard germination test. Genetic analysis of the F-2 populations and F-2:3 families indicated that seed coat impermeability in PI 594619 is controlled by a single major gene, with impermeable seed coat being dominant to permeable seed coat.

The obtained values of gamma pointed out the diffuse phase transformation in highly doped BaTiO3 samples. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.”
“Structure-property relationships of polymeric materials require careful characterization of macromolecular properties. In this work we use 2-dimensional chromatography, coupling temperature gradient interaction Dorsomorphin mouse and size exclusion chromatography, as well as density functional theory calculations to clarify that when

poly(styryl)lithium anions are reacted with stringently purified C-60, stars with greater than six arms can be attained, in contrast to prior reports. We attribute this apparent contradiction to the limited ability of size exclusion chromatography to separate polymers having branched architectures. These results Selleckchem ERK inhibitor clarify the chemistry of anionically modified fullerenes and also show that more sophisticated separation techniques are necessary when characterizing architecturally complex polymers.”
“Colorectal cancer remains a major cause

of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The advent of molecular therapies targeted against specific, stereotyped cellular mutations that occur in this disease has ushered in new hope for treatment options. However, key questions regarding optimal dosing schedules, dosing duration, and patient selection remain unanswered. In this review, we describe how recent advances in molecular imaging, specifically optical

molecular imaging with fluorescent probes, offer potential solutions to these questions. We begin with an overview of optical molecular imaging, including discussions on the various methods of design for fluorescent probes and the clinically relevant imaging systems that have been built to image them. We then focus AG-881 purchase on the relevance of optical molecular imaging to colorectal cancer. We review the most recent data on how this imaging modality has been applied to the measurement of treatment efficacy for currently available as well as developmental molecularly targeted therapies. We then conclude with a discussion on how this imaging approach has already begun to be translated clinically for human use.”
“The study contributes with a first survey of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewaters discharging into fresh and estuarine waters from areas with varying degrees of urbanization of Argentina. Analyses were done on the soluble fraction by HPLC-MS after SPE extraction. In all of the samples were detected caffeine and ibuprofen within the range of 0.9-44.2 and 0.4-13.0 mu g/L, and lower levels of carbamazepine, atenolol and diclofenac between 0.2-2.3, 0.2-1.7 and < 0.03-1.2 mu g/L, respectively. Profiles of compounds were similar in all studied locations.

After 2 weeks of adaptation consuming a total mixed ration (TMR; 219 and 141 g/kg of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFom), respectively), lambs were weighed and distributed by BW into 4 pens of 8 lambs/pen in a completely randomized design with: Control group TMR; SB group TMR (as Control plus S. babylonica extract at 30 ml/d); LL group TMR (as Control plus L leucocephala extract at 30 ml/d); SBLL group TMR (as Control

plus 30 ml/d of S. babylonica and L leucocephala extracts in a (1:1, v:v) mixture) for a 63 days experiment. Weekly stock volumes (21 each) of the individual extracts as well as their eFT-508 clinical trial 1:1 mixture were prepared for daily administration. Extracts were orally administered before the 08:00 h feeding to each lamb. Feed intake was recorded daily and BW was recorded at MAPK inhibitor d 22 (P1), d 43 (P2) and d 63 (P3) of the experiment. Each experimental period ended with a digestibility measurement. Average daily gain (ADG), metabolizable protein (MP) intake and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were calculated. Plant secondary metabolites of total phenolics, saponins and the aqueous fraction were 50% lower in SB versus LL extracts. An extract x experimental period interaction occurred for intake of all nutrients (SB > LL = Control > SBLL, P<0.05). Intake

of DM, OM, CP and ADFom were lowest in P3 than other periods, whereas the highest nutrients intake were in P2 and P1 (P<0.05). Individual extracts improved (SB >

LL, P=0.05) the digestible DM, OM, EE and CP more than their 1:1 mixture compared with control or SBLL. Digestible DM was improved (P=0.03) by 5 and 3% with SB and LL extracts respectively, compared to control, whereas digestible CP was improved (P=0.005) by 7 and 5%, respectively, compared to control. Digestible ADFom was drastically lower in P1 and increased steadily in periods P2 and P3 (P<0.001). AZD9291 research buy Feed intake was not affected by extract addition although it was reduced from P1 and P2 to P3. Relative to control, addition of extracts increased (P=0.024) ADG while the other performance parameters (i.e., MP intake, ME intake) had a tendency (P=0.05) to improve with extract addition. ADG was improved by about 22 and 21% with SB and LL extracts respectively, while their mixture (i.e., SBLL) was 2% compared to control (i.e., SB = LL > Control = SBLL, P=0.024). MP and ME intakes were decreased (P<0.0001) from P1 and P2 to P3. Results show that daily administration of individual extracts of S. babylonica and L leucocephala improved lamb performance by 22 and 21%, but that a mixture of both had a much lower benefit. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

“
“Background: The histamine receptors have therapeutic relevance in treatment of several diseases with the more recently discovered H-3 and H-4 receptors offering opportunity as new therapeutic drug targets. Thus, it is of interest to develop

new, potent and therapeutically relevant drugs with no side effects. Molecular modeling techniques may play an important role in quickly designing new ligands with a likelihood of exhibiting the corresponding pharmacological profile. Objective: The article describes the findings obtained from this approach for all of the histamine receptors with special emphasis on the H-3 and H-4 receptors. Conclusion: There have been several new studies in the past years aimed at

developing new histamine receptor ligands on the one hand and at explaining GM6001 in vitro pharmacological profiles on molecular level on the other. For these purposes, not only molecular modeling GSK923295 purchase techniques, but also synthesis, pharmacological characterization, molecular biological and physical techniques are useful. This combination of several different theoretical and experimental techniques allows getting a more detailed insight into the interaction of histamine receptor ligands with histamine receptors and developing new drugs.”
“Background The alpha 7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha 7nAChR) can negatively regulate the synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes in vitro. In addition, stimulation of the alpha 7nAChR can reduce the P5091 mw severity of arthritis in murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).\n\nObjective To provide more insight into the role of the alpha 7nAChR in the pathogenesis of arthritis

by investigating the effect of the absence of alpha 7nAChR in CIA in alpha 7-deficient (alpha 7nAChR(-/-)) compared with wild-type (WT) mice.\n\nMethods CIA was induced in alpha 7nAChR(-/-) and WT littermate mice at day 0 by immunisation with chicken collagen type II (cCII) followed by a booster injection with cCII on day 20. Mice were killed on day 44 or day 63 and arthritis activity as well as radiological and histological damage were scored. The effects on the immune response were evaluated by measurement of antigen-specific antibodies and cytokines, and evaluation of the effects on antigen-specific stimulated spleen cells.\n\nResults In alpha 7nAChR(-/-) mice a significant increase in the incidence and severity of arthritis as well as increased synovial inflammation and joint destruction were seen. Exacerbation of CIA was associated with elevated systemic proinflammatory cytokines and enhanced T-helper cell 1 (Th1)-cytokine and tumour necrosis factor alpha production by spleen cells. Moreover, a specific decrease in the collagen-specific ‘Th1-associated’ IgG2a response was seen, whereas IgG1 titres were unaffected.

The scores for sedation and pain were recorded at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, intraoperatively and at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24 h, postoperatively. Sedation was achieved with an IV bolus of propofol and continuous infusion of remifentanil. There were significant differences between gabapentin and placebo groups with regard to total consumptions of remifentanil (171.42 +/- A 68 vs. 219.17 +/- A 95 mu g, respectively; P = 0.033) and propofol (59.45 +/- A 36.08

vs. 104.14 +/- A 54.98 mg, respectively; P = 0.001). Group G patients had significantly lower intraoperative VAS scores at all time points (P < 0.05). The anxiety score of Group G was better at all times (P DZNeP manufacturer < 0.05). All postoperative pain scores were lower in the Group G (P < 0.05). Time to first request for analgesic was 12.7 +/- A 2.3 h in Group G, and 7.8 2.1 h in Group P (P < 0.0001). Total consumption of lornoxicam was lower in Group G (P < 0.004). We concluded that monitored anesthesia care combined with preoperative analgesia with a low dose of (600 mg) oral gabapentin is an efficient option with tolerable side effects for patients undergoing ear, nose and throat ambulatory surgery.”
“A few clinical observations reported that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have poor oral health compared https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-98059.html to children without ADHD. However, evidence is not conclusive.

We assess the association between hyperactivity/inattention and oral health in a population-based study.\n\nAs part of the ongoing birth cohort studies German Infant Nutritional Intervention-plus

(GINIplus) and Influences of lifestyle-related factors on the immune system and the development of allergies in childhood-plus (LISAplus), 1,126 children at age 10 years (+/- 10.2) from Munich (Germany) were included in the present analysis. During the dental examination, oral hygiene, non-cavitated and cavitated caries lesions, dental trauma, and enamel hypomineralization (EH) in the permanent dentition (MIH/1) were recorded. Children with a Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralization were subcategorized into those with EH on at least one first permanent molar (MIH/1A), and on at least one first permanent molar and permanent Dinaciclib cell line incisor (MIH/1B). Data on children’s hyperactivity/inattention symptoms were collected by parent-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Logistic regressions and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were applied adjusted for gender, parental education, parental income, and methylphenidate or atomoxetine medication.\n\nLogistic regressions showed that non-cavitated caries lesions were positively related with the presence of hyperactivity/inattention (ORadj = 1.51,CI95% = 1.08-2.11). When adjusted for parental background, an association showed between hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and MIH/1A but did not reach statistical significance (ORadj = 1.59,CI95% = 1.00-2.53).