Vascular clamping is a frequently used method for reducing blood loss [7]. Several studies have shown that the normal livers tolerate periods of continuous warm ischemia up to 90 min and intermittent warm ischemia up to 120 min [8–10]. However, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver is an unfortunate side effect of this method, ranging from slightly elevated liver enzymes to acute liver failure [11]. Ischemic pre- or postconditioning (IPC or IPO), defined as brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion before or after sustained ischemia, have proven to increase the ability of organs to tolerate I/R injury [12–16]. The precise

mechanisms responsible for the hepatoprotection from ischemic injuries are only partially known. Focus has been on a system of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF), where especially HIF-1 Ruxolitinib chemical structure appears to have a major role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. HIF-1 mediates essential homeostatic responses to cellular hypoxia by up-regulating gene transcription, via specific DNA motif called hypoxia response elements, and activating target genes. HIF-1 is a heterodimer protein consisting of an α and β-subunit. The β-subunit is expressed ubiquitously in most cells, whereas expression of the α-subunit is controlled by cellular oxygen tension. Under normal conditions the HIF-1α protein is degraded via an oxygen dependent system. By contrast, hypoxia JNK-IN-8 research buy inactivates the degradation

causing stabilization selleck inhibitor of the HIF-1α protein, which then translocate to the nucleus and forms dimers with the β-subunit [17]. The active form of HIF-1 transactivates other genes as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) [18, 19]. VEGF is an important growth factor involved in angiogenesis. It is a multifunctional protein, with several Idoxuridine effects on endothelial cells to promote the formation of new vessels. Furthermore, it stimulates the production of hepatocyte growth

factor (HGF), which is regarded as an initiator of liver regeneration [20]. TGF-β1 is a member of the superfamily of cytokines. In the liver, TGF-β1 has anti-inflammatory properties and stimulates cell proliferation as well as differentiation [20]. Besides I/R injuries, another possible drawback of liver ischemia in cancer surgery could be growth stimulation of micrometastases. Several studies indicate that the outgrowth of micrometastases is stimulated by I/R injuries during hepatic resections [21–23]. Outgrowth of these micro metastases may at least in part, be stimulated by an increased HIF-1α stabilization [22]. As mentioned above, HIF-1α activates other genes such as VEGF and TGF-β. Especially VEGF is an important growth factor involved in angiogenesis [24–26]. In this sense a stimulation of HIF-1α, via liver ischemia, could be a double-edged sword; i.e., it protects the liver against I/R injuries, but a side effect could be the growth stimulation of micrometastases through angiogenesis.

0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Results The genotype distribution satisfied the hardy-Weinberg selleck inhibitor equilibrium All ovarian cancer patients and healthy controls were local women in Shandong Province, China.

The average age of cases and controls were 52.90 ± 13.26 and 49.89 ± 13.48 years, respectively, and the Student’s t test did not show significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.082). Furthermore, we did not find statistically significant differences between the two groups in other matching characteristics except ovarian cancer family history (P = 0.003) (Table 1). A chi-squared test was used to determine whether the subjects were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Selleck SRT2104 The distributed genotype frequencies of these three SNPs (rs4648551 G>A, rs6695978 G>A, rs873330 T>C) conformed with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both the case and control groups (Table 1), which demonstrated that the population in this study reached genetic equilibrium with typical group representation. Table 1 Distributions of select variables (covariate data) in the cases and controls and test of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the SNPs Variables Cases, n = 308 Controls, n = 324 P Age, year (mean ± SD) 52.90 ± 13.26 49.89 ± 13.48 0.082 Body mass index, kg/m2   0.23 < 23 85 (27.6) 92 (28.4) 23-29 157 (51.0)) 178 (54.9))

≥ 29 66 (21.4) 54 (16.7) Number liveborn, n (%)   0.064 0 19 (6.2) 17 (5.2) 1-2 227 (73.7) 258 (79.6) ≥ 3 62 (20.1) 49 (15.1) Oral SGC-CBP30 clinical trial contraceptive use, n (%)   0.49 never 184 (59.7) 201 (62.0) 1-48 months 55 (17.9) 47 (14.5) ≥ 48 months 69 (22.4) 76 (23.5) Cigarette mafosfamide smoking     0.76

Yes 6 (1.9) 4 (1.2) No 302 (98.1) 320 (98.8) Ovarian caner family history     0.003a Yes 29 (9.4) 7 (2.2) No 279 (90.6) 317 (97.8) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium     > 0.05b rs 4648551 χ2 = 22.3; P =0.98 χ2 = 0.05; P =0.99   rs 6695978 χ2 = 0.04; P =0.81 χ2 = 10.19; P =0.85   rs 873330 χ2 = 0.16; P =0.72 χ2 = 0.10; P =0.75   a. There are no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the select variables (covariate data) except ovarian cancer family history. b. P >0.05 indicate genotype distributed frequencies in the cases and controls conformed with Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium. The p73 rs6695978 G > A SNP can enhance susceptibility to ovarian cancer. This case–control study included 308 ovarian cancer cases and 324 cancer-free controls. The genotype distributions of the p73 (rs4648551 G > A, rs6695978 G > A) and p63 (rs873330 T > C) polymorphisms between the case and control groups are shown in Table 2. We concluded that the frequency of the A allele in p73 rs6695978 G > A was statistically higher in the case group compared with the control group. Women with the A allele were at increased risk of ovarian cancer compared to carriers of the G allele (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.07-2.19; P = 0.003).

Langenbecks Arch Surg 2004, 389:134–144.PubMedCrossRef 11. Ivancevic N, Radenkovic D, Bumbasirevic V, Karamarkovic A, Jeremic V, Kalezic N, Vodnik T, Beleslin B, Milic N, Gregoric P, Zarkovic M: Procalcitonin in preoperative diagnosis of abdominal sepsis. Langenbecks Arch Surg

2008, 393:397–403.PubMedCrossRef 12. Mahler CW, Boermeester MA, Stoker J, Obertop H, Gouma DJ: Diagnostic modalities in diagnosis of adult patients with acute abdominal pain. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2004, 148:2474–2480.PubMed 13. Furukawa A, Kanasaki S, Kono N, Wakamiya M, Tanaka Selleck Mocetinostat T, Takahashi M, Murata K: CT diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia from various causes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 192:408–416.PubMedCrossRef 14. Kirkpatrick ID, Kroeker MA, Greenberg HM: Biphasic CT with mesenteric CT angiography in the evaluation of acute mesenteric

ischemia: initial experience. Radiology 2003, 229:91–98.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The c-Met inhibitor authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions ZM acquired data for the case report, interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript and has given approval for the final version. JM and LL interpreted the data, revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the version to be published.”
“Introduction Pancreatic injury is uncommon, because the retroperitoneal location of the pancreas offers relative selleck protection. In addition, the clinical presentation is often subtle, frequently resulting in delayed treatment. Radiological imaging often fails to identify pancreatic injury in the acute phase. Delayed

diagnosis results in significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, diagnosis must be managed strictly. Although conservative treatment for minor pancreatic injury is widely accepted, the treatment of pancreatic duct injury is still controversial. Most cases of pancreatic injury with suspicion or evidence of pancreatic duct disruption require surgery, even if there is suspected pancreatic duct injury. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most accurate modalities for ductal evaluation and therapeutic management. If the patient is awake and alert with stable vital signs, ERCP 6-phosphogluconolactonase might enable one to avoid unnecessary surgery. In this study, we report a case of endoscopic management of pancreatic duct injury by endoscopic stent placement. Case presentation A 45 year old woman was a seat-belted driver in a motor vehicle. She was admitted to a local hospital after a traffic accident. The patient was awake and alert with stable vital signs and was complaining of abdominal pain. An urgent computed tomography (CT) scan showed pancreatic parenchyma disruption with a small amount of peripancreatic fluid at the pancreatic head (Figures 1). The patient was transferred to our hospital for further management 40 hours after the traffic accident.

At the lower temperature region below 200 K, the τ nr value decreases with decreasing temperature, and the τ PL becomes dominated by the τ nr. This trend can be

understood by the existence of non-emissive localized or trap selleck chemical states as discussed above. The τ nr value increases toward the maxima with increasing temperature because of the thermal excitation of the carriers from the localized or trap levels to the emissive ones. In contrast, in the high-temperature regions toward room temperature, the τ nr decreases with increasing temperature because of the thermal escape from the emissive level beyond the barriers. These PL dynamics for the two slower decaying PL components of I 1 and I 2, expressed by the temperature dependences of the τ r and τ nr, agree well with the thermal quenching

and excitation processes elucidated by the temperature dependences of intensities Adavosertib price of these PL components. selleckchem Conclusions We have studied temperature dependences of time-resolved PL in the two-dimensional high-density Si ND arrays fabricated by NB etching using bio-nano-templates, where the PL time profiles with various temperatures are fitted by triple exponential decay curves. We find that the time-integrated PL intensities in the two slower decaying components depend strongly on temperature, which is attributed to PL quenching due to thermal escape of electrons from emissive states of individual NDs in addition to thermal excitations of carriers from localized or trap states in the individual NDs to the emissive ones. The temperature dependences of the PL intensity were analyzed by the three-level model. The following thermal activation energies corresponding to the thermal escape Staurosporine of the electron are obtained to 410 and 490 meV, depending on the PL components. In addition, we find dark states of photo-excited carriers, which can be attributed to the separate localization of the electron and hole into different NDs with the localization energies of 70 and 90 meV, depending on the PL components. The PL decay times of these two decaying components ranging from 70 to 800 ps are also affected by this thermal escape at

high temperatures from 240 to 300 K. The fastest decaying component shows a constant decay time of about 10 ps for various temperatures, in which the decay characteristic is dominated by the electron tunneling among NDs. Acknowledgments This work is supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research (S) No. 22221007. References 1. Cho E-C, Park S, Hao X, Song D, Conibeer G, Park S-C, Green MA: Silicon quantum dot/crystalline silicon solar cells. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:245201.CrossRef 2. Conibeer G, Green M, Corkish R, Cho Y, Cho E-C, Jiang C-W, Fangsuwannarak T, Pink E, Huang Y, Puzzer T, Trupke T, Richards B, Shalav A, Lin K-l: Silicon nanostructures for third generation photovoltaic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2006, 511–512:654.CrossRef 3.

Wang et al. reported that under the guidance of ultrasound, the incidence of collateral damage decreased, no perioperative mortality was observed, and no grade III to IV complications were reported [7]. In this study, we confirmed that there were no operation-associated mortalities or grade III to IV complications. Only one patient suffered from chylous fistula,

one patient suffered from gastritis, two patients suffered from radiation enteritis and ten patients suffered from low fever, which is lower than the incidence of complications reported in the published FHPI data of surgery and radiotherapy [34]. The data indicate that younger patients with good performance Selonsertib molecular weight status, or treatment with gemcitabine- or capecitabine-based chemotherapy were favorable prognostic factors [35–38]. Multiple factors were analyzed using the log-rank single factor model, and the data suggested that patients who actually received a D90 higher than 110 Gy and patients younger than 60 years may survive longer (p < 0.05). The outcome of patients with Repotrectinib pancreatic carcinoma in the head of the pancreas or who

have jaundice may be poor. However, additional patients should be observed to confirm these findings. Gender, adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor volume and CA199 level before and after the operation did not impact the clinical outcome (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis suggested that a D90 higher than 110 Gy and an age younger than 60 years were independent, favorable prognostic factors with a relative risk ratio of 0.21 and 0.34, respectively. Therefore, we recommend that the optimal dose for 125I seed implantation in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer is at least 110 Gy. Conclusions Intraoperative ultrasound-guided permanent 125I seed implantation is a safe, effective radiation technique for the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer. The technique provides satisfactory distribution of seeds within the tumor mass and achieves favorable clinical outcomes with acceptable complications. Additional studies with

larger patient Glutathione peroxidase cohorts are now required in order to verify these results. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr Yuliang Jiang and Suqing Tian for their skillful technical assistance, Dr Jinna Li and Weijuan Jiang for preparing the figures. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation of China, item NO. 81071834. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Characteristics of Patients and Treatment. (PDF 106 KB) Additional file 2: Table S2: Results using intraoperative ultrasound‒guided implantation of 125I seeds for patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer. (PDF 83 KB) References 1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012, 62:10–29.PubMedCrossRef 2.

The purified Sp17-ICG-Der-02 conjugates were stored

at 4°C in the dark for future use. ELISA for immunological activity of ICG-Der-02 labeled anti-Sp17 Recombinant human sperm protein 17 produced in our laboratory [14] at 1 μg/ml in coating buffer were added to 96-well plates (100 μl/well) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The plates were then washed with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS and blocked with 100 μl/well of 5% fetal calf serum/PBS for 1 h at 37°C. After washing, ICG-Der-02 labeled or naked anti-Sp17 (100 μl/well), serially diluted with 5% fetal calf serum/PBS, was added and the plates were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After a third washing, 1:2000 diluted goat anti-mouse IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (100 μl/well) was selleckchem added and the plates were incubated for 1 h

at 37°C. After another washing substrate TMB solution was added to each well and the plates were incubated for 10 min at 37°C. Finally, 2 mol/L H2SO4 was added and the plates were read at 450 nm using a Benchmark microplate reader Sepantronium order (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA). In vivo and in vitro NIR Imaging In vivo NIR imaging was performed using a self-built NIR imaging system. This NIR imaging system has been introduced in detail in our previous work [18]. In brief, a helium-neon laser (1 = 765.9 nm) is defocused to provide a broad spot with even optical density, and another 808 nm laser is supplied as background light. High sensitivity CCD camera detects the reflected light, endogenously generated luminescence or fluorescence emission. An 800 nm long pass filter could blocked the laser light (765 nm) efficiently. Nine tumor-bearing nude mice were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group (group A, n = 5) and control group (group B, n = 4) were both administrated anti-Sp17-ICG-Der-02 and free

Resveratrol ICG-Der-02 through caudal vein injection. The dose for each animal was 5 μg, calculated as the amount of ICG-Der-02. The subjected mouse was anesthetized in an isoflurane chamber and immobilized in a Lucite jig before whole-body imaging at predetermined intervals (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days) post-injection. Two animals from the experimental group were observed until 7 d post-injection. Other animals were killed at 1 day and 3 days post-injection, and the tumor and major organs were taken out for ex vivo optical imaging examinations. All fluorescence images were acquired with 1 s exposure (f/stop = 4). Results Overexpression of Sp17 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells Through immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry, strong positive staining was observed in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 and its tumor xenografts tissues (Figure 1). We found Sp17 mainly localized on the cell this website surface of in vitro cultured cells and both surface and cytoplasm of xenografts tissues.

Introduction Cyclophilins (Cyps) were initially identified as biological receptors for the VS-4718 in vivo immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) approximately 25 years ago. Later, they were shown to have peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzymatic activity which catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds preceding proline [1–6]. Cyps also possess chaperone activities. These two functions allow Cyps to be involved in proper folding of proteins in combination with other proteins. Although CsA is an effective inhibitor of Cyps, immunosuppressive activity

of CsA is not the result of inhibition of the Cyps’ activities. Rather, the Cyp-CsA selleck chemical complex accidentally inhibits calcineurin activity and thereby suppresses T-cell proliferation by interfering with downstream signal transduction [7]. Cyps are highly conserved from E. coli to humans throughout evolution. A total of 16 Cyp isoforms have been found in humans [8], but 7 major human Cyp isoforms, namely hCypA, hCypB, hCypC, hCypD, hCypE, hCyp40, and hCypNK [9], have been well characterized. They play diverse roles by localizing through unique domains for particular cellular compartments including the cytosol,

endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and nucleus. The clinical importance of Cyps has been implicated in diverse pathological conditions including HIV [10], hepatitis B and C viral infection, atherosclerosis [11, 12], ER stress-related diseases such as diabetes, and neurodegenerative Loperamide diseases. Cyps are also involved in normal cellular functions of muscle differentiation, detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [13], and immune response

[14]. Their novel and unfamiliar nuclease activity similar to apoptotic endonucleases suggests a potential role in apoptotic DNA degradation. Overall roles of Cyps may encompass far more than already defined functions such as protein folding. CypA overexpression in diverse types of cancer has been recently reported by many research groups. Subsequently, overexpression of other Cyps has also been repeatedly observed in various cancers. Although Cyps expression levels and patterns in many cancer types have been considerably well documented, the Selleckchem MDV3100 precise roles of Cyps in cancer are hardly defined. Here, we will discuss the implications of Cyps in cancer biology and particularly give emphasis on CypA that has been studied most extensively in diverse human cancers. Better understanding of Cyps’ function in cancers may divulge their potential applications in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Table 2 Bacterial concentration of different

microbial groups quantified by specific qPCR in ATM inhibitor luminal (L) (n = 3) and mucosal (M) (n = 6) samples of the HMI module during control and treatment at time 0, 24 and 48 h     Control (A) Treatment (B)     0 h 24 h 48 h 0 h 24 h 48 h     L L M L M L L M L M Total Bacteria Avg. 2.46 × 1010 1.31 × 1010 5.71 × 108 9.08 × 109 6.35 × TGF-beta inhibitor 108 6.35 × 10 9 6.27 × 10 9 2.43 × 10 8 7.79 × 109 2.31 × 10 7   Std. 1.12 × 109 1.53 × 108 2.83 × 108 4.77 × 108 8.44 × 108 3.14 × 108 7.54 × 107 1.75 × 108 2.29 × 108 2.56 × 106 Bacteroidetes Avg. 7.60 × 109 6.29 × 109 5.25 × 108 4.58 × 109 2.78 × 108 1.41 × 10 9 4.50 × 109 9.82 × 10 7 1.13 × 10 10 6.59 × 107   Std. Dev. 1.23 × 109 2.77 × 109 3.60 × 108 1.20 × 109 3.65 × 108 1.83 × 108 6.96 × 108 6.07 × 107 1.79 × 109 3.44 × 107 Firmicutes Avg. 1.65 × 109 1.64 × 108 2.08 × 107 2.85 × 108 1.67 × 107 7.88 × 10 8 4.29 × 10 8 3.65 × 106 5.43 × 10 8 9.65 × 10 5   Std. Dev. 2.79 × 108 1.02 × 107 3.80 × 106 2.52 × 107 3.20 × 106 7.21 × 107 3.96 × 107 1.60 × 106 4.11 × 107 7.41 × 105 Bifidobacteria Avg. 9.39 × 108 2.73 × 108 3.35 × 108 3.24 × 108 8.49 × 106 1.26 × 10 8 3.79 × 108 1.25 × 10 6 4.43 × 10 8 3.37 × 10 5   Std. Dev. 1.23

× 108 2.65 × 107 5.09 × 107 2.97 × 107 9.80 × 105 2.89 × 107 1.40 × 108 1.38 × 105 2.44 × 107 1.74 × 105 Lactobacilli Avg. 1.88 × 107 3.86 × 106 1.30 × selleck screening library 105 6.81 × 105 3.45 × 102 8.06 × 10 5 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase 1.77 × 10 5 1.45 × 10 3 1.37 × 106 5.85 × 10 4   Std. Dev. 3.47 × 106 3.45 × 105 7.75 × 104 5.40 × 105 3.89 × 102 1.69 × 105 1.54 × 105 1.67 × 103 2.52 × 105 7.86 × 104 Data for L are expressed as 16S rRNA gene copies/mL of SHIME suspension; those for M correspond to 16S rRNA gene copies cm−2 of simulated gut wall. Values in bold indicate samples from the treatment period which are significantly higher than the control at the same sampling time, according to a Student’s two-tailed t test (p < 0.05). Values in italics are significantly lower. The

cluster analysis based on a composite data set of the DGGE gels for total bacteria (Additional file 1: Figure S2), bifidobacteria (Figure 5a) and lactobacilli (Figure 5b) is shown in Figure 5c. The samples from control and treatment period clustered separately (cluster I and II). Moreover, within each cluster, luminal samples and mucosal samples sub-clustered in two different groups (Figure 5c).

This will enable definitions of worldwide criteria for the timing of emergency surgery. When dealing with surgical emergencies, descriptive words for “timely surgery” should be substituted with unambiguous and reproducible time frames. This needs to be scrutinized, tested and validated on a worldwide scale. In an effort to understand current occurrence in acute care of surgical emergencies and common practices of emergency surgery scheduling, WSES panel GSK1838705A cost experts were asked to assign iTTS to

a number of common surgical emergencies – acute appendicitis, incarcerated inguinal hernia, mesenteric ischemia, perforated duodenal ulcer and peri- anal abscess. The results are summarized in Table 2. The TACS study identified high agreement among responders regarding the time frame CCI-779 molecular weight presented for common surgical emergencies. Although the data presented in the table does not concur with current views in the literature regarding some of the clinical entities surveyed, this may reflect availability of operating theaters in some of the institutions participating in the study. In most institutions, scheduling of unplanned is a matter of dialogue and negotiation where dedicated operating theaters are not assigned for surgical emergencies. The discrepancy revealed in iTTS assessment between GNS-1480 TACS respondents

and the current literature, e.g. timing of appendectomy [3] and cholecystectomy [5], indicate that further

studies are needed to establish iTTS for surgical emergencies. Until this is accomplished a certain frame of iTTS can be proposed and implemented as an interim guideline for the timing of surgical interventions in surgical emergencies as proposed in Figure 1. Figure 1 Proposed Ideal Time to Surgery (iTTS) and color coding. Table 2 Expert opinion on timing of surgery in common surgical emergencies   n-43(%) Immediate Surgery   Mesenteric Event 37 Farnesyltransferase (86) Evisceration 27 (62.8) Hemodynamic Instability due to bleeding 42 (97.7) Surgery Within an Hour   Incarcerated Hernia 35 (83.3) Perforated Viscus 35 (83.3) Necrotizing Fasciitis* 34 (79.1) Surgery Within 6 Hours   Soft Tissue Infection (Abscess) 37 (86) Appendicitis* 36 (83.7) Cholecystitis* 29 (67.4) Surgery Within 24–48 Hours   Second Look Laparotomy 41 (95.3) *expert opinion not in aptness with current literature. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) in the United Kingdom classifies interventions as immediate, urgent, expedited and elective [14]. For each of these categories, the respective target times to theatre from decision to operate is within minutes, hours, days or planned. There is general agreement that cases requiring immediate attention will be triaged before less urgent cases. Cases classified between these two groups raise the greatest debate in terms of patient priority.

Phys Chem A 2010, 114:5389. 94. selleck compound Bianco E: Stability and exfoliation of germanane: a germanium graphane analogue. ACS Nano 2013, 7:4414. 95. Garcia JC, De Lima DB, Assali LVC, Justo JF: Group-IV graphene and graphane-like nanosheets. Phys Chem C 2011, 115:13242. 96. Nechae YS: On the solid hydrogen carrier intercalation in graphane-like regions in carbon-based nanostructures. Int J Hydrog Energy 2011, 36:9023. 97. Gharekhanlou B, Tousaki SB, Khorasani S: Bipolar transistor based on graphane. Phys. Conf. Ser 2010, 248:012061. 98. Cudazzo P, Tokatly IV, Rubio A: Dielectric screening in two-dimensional insulators: implications for excitonic and impurity states in graphane. Phys Rev B

2011, 84:085406. 99. Gharekhanlou B, Khorasani S, Senior Member: Current–voltage characteristics of graphane p-n junctions. Electron Devices 2010, 57:209. 100. Savini A, Ferrari C, Giustino F: Doped graphane: a prototype high-Tc electron–phonon superconductor. Phys Rev Lett 2010, 105:037002. 101. Loktev VM, Turkowski V: Possible

high-temperature superconductivity in multilayer graphane: can the cuprates be beaten? Low Bortezomib Temp Phys 2011, 164:264. 102. Kristoffel N, Rägo K: On the interband pairing in doped graphane. Phys Lett A 2011, 375:2246. 103. Nechaev YS: The high-density hydrogen carrier intercalation in graphane-like nanostructures, relevance to its on-board storage in fuel-cell-powered vehicles. The Open Fuel Cells J 2011, 4:16. 104. Hussain T, Maark TA, De Sarkar A, Ahuja R: Polylithiated (OLi 2 ) functionalized graphane as a potential hydrogen storage material. Phys Chem 2012, 13:1207–5385. 105. Hussain T, De Sarkar A, Ahuja R: Strain induced lithium functionalized graphane as a high capacity hydrogen storage material. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 101:103907. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SC and JL designed the structure and modified the manuscript

articles; CZ find more drafted the manuscript. JW, QY, CL, DH, and TZ participated in the sequence alignment. All authors read and approved Thymidine kinase the final manuscript.”
“Background Processes of energy transport have been integrated in a wide range of areas, such as in industry, oil and gas, and electricity. In the past decades, ethylene glycol, water, and oil were used as conventional fluids in heat exchanger systems. However, improvement of these conventional heat transfer fluids, particularly thermal conductivity, has become more and more critical to the performance of energy systems [1]. Choi and Eastman [2] have introduced the term nanofluids referring to fluids containing dispersed nanosized particles having large thermal conductivity enhancement. In spite of the attention received by this field, uncertainties concerning the fundamental effects of nanoparticles on thermophysical properties of solvent media remain [3].